Stent graft delivery system

ABSTRACT

A system for treating an aneurysm comprises an elongate flexible shaft and an expandable member. An expandable scaffold is disposed over the expandable member and may be expanded from a collapsed configuration to an expanded configuration. A double-walled filling structure is disposed over the scaffold and has an outer wall and an inner wall. The filling structure is adapted to be filled with a hardenable fluid filing medium so that the outer wall conforms to an inside surface of the aneurysm and the inner wall forms a substantially tubular lumen to provide a path for blood flow. In the expanded configuration the scaffold engages the inner wall of the filling structure. A tether is releasably coupled with the filling structure and the flexible shaft thereby constraining axial movement of the structures relative to each other.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a non-provisional of, and claims the benefitof U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/048,038 (Attorney Docket No.025925-002600US), filed on Apr. 25, 2008, the full disclosure of whichis incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

NOT APPLICABLE

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAMLISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK.

NOT APPLICABLE

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to medical systems and methodsfor treatment. More particularly, the present invention relates tosystems and methods for treating aneurysms.

Aneurysms are enlargements or “bulges” in blood vessels which are oftenprone to rupture and which therefore present a serious risk to thepatient. Aneurysms may occur in any blood vessel but are of particularconcern when they occur in the cerebral vasculature or the patient'saorta.

The present invention is particularly concerned with aneurysms occurringin the aorta, particularly those referred to as aortic aneurysms.Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA's) are classified based on theirlocation within the aorta as well as their shape and complexity.Aneurysms which are found below the renal arteries are referred to asinfrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. Suprarenal abdominal aorticaneurysms occur above the renal arteries, while thoracic aorticaneurysms (TAA's) occur in the ascending, transverse, or descending partof the upper aorta.

Infrarenal aneurysms are the most common, representing about eightypercent (80%) of all aortic aneurysms. Suprarenal aneurysms are lesscommon, representing about 20% of the aortic aneurysms. Thoracic aorticaneurysms are the least common and often the most difficult to treat.

The most common form of aneurysm is “fusiform,” where the enlargementextends about the entire aortic circumference. Less commonly, theaneurysms may be characterized by a bulge on one side of the bloodvessel attached at a narrow neck. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are oftendissecting aneurysms caused by hemorrhagic separation in the aorticwall, usually within the medial layer. The most common treatment foreach of these types and forms of aneurysm is open surgical repair. Opensurgical repair is quite successful in patients who are otherwisereasonably healthy and free from significant co-morbidities. Such opensurgical procedures are problematic, however, since access to theabdominal and thoracic aortas is difficult to obtain and because theaorta must be clamped off, placing significant strain on the patient'sheart.

Over the past decade, endoluminal grafts have come into widespread usefor the treatment of aortic aneurysm in patients who cannot undergo opensurgical procedures. In general, endoluminal repairs access the aneurysm“endoluminally” through either or both iliac arteries in the groin. Thegrafts, which typically have been fabric or membrane tubes supported andattached by various stent structures, are then implanted, typicallyrequiring several pieces or modules to be assembled in situ. Successfulendoluminal procedures have a much shorter recovery period than opensurgical procedures.

Present endoluminal aortic aneurysm repairs, however, suffer from anumber of limitations. For example, a significant number of endoluminalrepair patients experience leakage at the proximal juncture (attachmentpoint closest to the heart) within two years of the initial repairprocedure. While such leaks can often be fixed by further endoluminalprocedures, the need to have such follow-up treatments significantlyincreases cost and is certainly undesirable for the patient. A lesscommon but more serious problem has been graft migration. In instanceswhere the graft migrates or slips from its intended position, opensurgical repair is required. This is a particular problem since thepatients receiving the endoluminal grafts are often those who are notconsidered to be good surgical candidates.

Further shortcomings of the present endoluminal graft systems relate toboth deployment and configuration. For example, many of the commerciallyavailable endovascular systems are too large (above 12 F) forpercutaneous introduction. Moreover, current devices often have anannular support frame that is stiff and difficult to deliver as well asunsuitable for treating many geometrically complex aneurysms,particularly infrarenal aneurysms with little space between the renalarteries and the upper end of the aneurysm, referred to as short-neck orno-neck aneurysms. Aneurysms having torturous geometries, are alsodifficult to treat.

For these reasons, it would be desirable to provide improved methods andsystems for the endoluminal and minimally invasive treatment of aorticaneurysms. In particular, it would be desirable to provide systemshaving lower delivery profile and methods which can be deliveredpercutaneously and that can track and be deployed in tortuous vessels.It would also be desirable to provide prostheses with minimal or noendoleaks, which resist migration, which are flexible and relativelyeasy to deploy, and which can treat many if not all aneurismalconfigurations, including short-neck and no-neck aneurysms as well asthose with highly irregular and asymmetric geometries. It would befurther desirable to provide systems and methods which are compatiblewith current designs for endoluminal stents and grafts, including singlelumen stents and grafts, bifurcated stents and grafts, parallel stentsand grafts, as well as with double-walled filling structures which arethe subject of the commonly owned, copending applications describedbelow. It would also be desirable to provide systems and methods thatprovide feedback to the operator as to the positioning and deployment ofthe endoluminal repair device in the aneurysm. The systems and methodswould preferably be deployable with the stents and grafts at the timethe stents and grafts are initially placed. Additionally, it would bedesirable to provide systems and methods for repairing previouslyimplanted aortic stents and grafts, either endoluminally orpercutaneously. At least some of these objectives will be met by theinventions described hereinbelow.

2. Description of the Background Art

U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0025853 describes a double-walledfilling structure for treating aortic and other aneurysms. Copending,commonly owned U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0212112, describes theuse of liners and extenders to anchor and seal such double-walledfilling structures within the aorta. The full disclosures of both thesepublications are incorporated herein by reference. PCT Publication No.WO 01/21108 describes expandable implants attached to a central graftfor filling aortic aneurysms. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,330,528;5,534,024; 5,843,160; 6,168,592; 6,190,402; 6,312,462; 6,312,463; U.S.Patent Publications 2002/0045848; 2003/0014075; 2004/0204755;2005/0004660; and PCT Publication No. WO 02/102282.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides systems and methods for the treatment ofaneurysms, particularly aortic aneurysms including both abdominal aorticaneurysms (AAA) and thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA). The systems may beintroduced percutaneously or by surgical cutdown into a patient and mayhave an outer diameter ranging preferably from 10 French to 18 Frenchand more preferably from 12 French to 16 French.

In a first aspect of the present invention, a system for treating ananeurysm in a blood vessel comprises an elongate flexible shaft having aproximal region and a distal region. A first double-walled fillingstructure is disposed over the distal region of the shaft and has anouter wall and an inner wall. The filling structure may be filled with ahardenable fluid filing medium so that the outer wall conforms to aninside surface of the aneurysm and the inner wall forms a firstsubstantially tubular lumen to provide a path for blood flow. The systemalso includes a first expandable scaffold disposed adjacent the fillingstructure. The first scaffold is radially expandable within at least aportion of the tubular lumen of the filling structure and the fillingstructure is separate from the first scaffold and axially separatedtherefrom.

In some embodiments, the first scaffold may be proximal to the fillingstructure while in other embodiments, the first scaffold is distal tothe filling structure. Sometimes there is a gap or spacing between oneend of the first scaffold and one end of the filling structure. Thefirst scaffold may be slidably received by the filling structure so thatthe first scaffold and the filling structure are concentric with oneanother, and the filling structure provides a covering around thescaffold.

Sometimes the delivery system may include a sheath that is disposed atleast partially over the filling structure and/or the scaffold. Thesheath may have a tapered tip and may have axially oriented slits. Thesystem may also include a pusher tube that is disposed at leastpartially over the flexible shaft and that slidably engages with thefirst double-walled filling structure. A first tether may be coupledwith the filling structure and the tether may extend between theproximal and distal regions of the flexible shaft. The tether may beadapted to guide movement of the first double-walled filling structurerelative to the first scaffold axially along the shaft. The tether mayalso be used to pull the filling structure as it is axially movedrelative to the first scaffold, thereby slidably engaging andpositioning the filling structure with the first scaffold. Sometimes thedelivery system may also comprise a second tether that is coupled withthe filling structure and the second tether may extend between theproximal and distal regions of the flexible shaft. Systems may includeone or more eyelets or suture loops coupled with the first fillingstructure and they may be adapted to receive the tethers or a tube andact as guides or the filling structure may comprise a receptacle coupledwith a wall of the filling structure that can slidably receive a tube.The system may also include a nosecone coupled with the distal region ofthe flexible shaft and sometimes the tethers are coupled thereto.Portions of the tether may extend outside of a patient's body. Thetether may be releasably coupled with the filling structure.

The system may further comprise an inflation device, such as a syringe,that is fluidly coupled with the filling structure and a pressuremonitor. The pressure monitor may also be coupled with the fillingstructure so as to permit pressure monitoring of the filling structureas the filling structure is filled with the hardenable fluid fillingmedium. The pressure monitor may comprise a pressure gage, a digitaldisplay or the like.

Sometimes the filling structure comprises a relief valve and an optionalreservoir may be fluidly coupled thereto. The relief valve may befluidly isolated from the first filling structure and the reservoir maybe adapted to receive the hardenable fluid filling medium from therelief valve at a predetermined pressure. The reservoir may beradiopaque when at least partially filled with the hardenable fluidfilling medium. Other embodiments of the system may have a visualindicator fluidly coupled with the filling structure. The visualindicator may have first and second positions wherein the indicatormoves from the first position to the second position when apredetermined pressure is applied to the visual indicator. Thisindicator may be visible under fluoroscopy.

Other embodiments may comprise a collapsible member such as a balloonthat is fluidly coupled with a pressure gage. The collapsible member maybe positioned between the outer wall of the filling structure and theinside surface of the aneurysm and thus the pressure gage indicates thepressure of the filling structure as it is filled. Other embodiments mayalso include a collapsible member such as a balloon that is similarlypositioned between the aneurysm wall and the filling structure wall, andthat is fluidly coupled with a compression mechanism, such as a spring,having first and second positions. The compression mechanism provides apredetermined force opposing the force exerted by the collapsible memberas the filling structure is filled. The compression mechanism moves fromthe first position to the second position when the force exerted by thecollapsible member exceeds the predetermined value. The collapsiblemember may be a balloon. Some systems may also include a lockingmechanism which prevents fluid from filling the filling structure whenthe filling structure is filled to a predetermined pressure.

In some embodiments, the filling structure may comprise a compliantcompartment that deforms as the outer wall of the filling structureconforms to the inside surface of the aneurysm. The compartment may havea substantially flat section and may be fluidly coupled with a pressureindicator.

Sometimes the first or second scaffold may comprise crushable regionsand remainder regions. The crushable regions collapse when the fillingstructure is pressurized to a predetermined value while the remainderregions remain fully expanded. In yet other embodiments, the system mayfurther comprise an expandable member such as a balloon, that expandsfrom a contracted configuration to an expanded configuration and that iscoupled with the shaft near the distal region. The expandable member maybe fluidly coupled with a pressure monitoring device. The expandablemember may have a pre-shaped, curved or tapered region.

The scaffold may be comprised of a metal and may be balloon expandable.The scaffold or filling structure may also carry a therapeutic agentthat can be released therefrom in a controlled manner. Some therapeuticagents include anti-thrombogenics like heparin or agents which promoteendothelial and smooth muscle cell growth, sealing and attachment. Thefilling structure may comprise a polymer.

The system may also comprise a second double-walled filling structurehaving an outer wall and an inner wall. The double-walled fillingstructure may be placed adjacent the first filling structure in theaneurysm and may be filled with a hardenable fluid filling medium sothat the outer wall conforms to the inside surface of the aneurysm andto the first filling structure and forms a second generally tubularlumen to provide a path for blood flow. The system may also include asecond scaffold separate from the first scaffold and the fillingstructures which can be expanded within at least a portion of the secondtubular lumen of the second filling structure. The second scaffold maybe axially separated from the second filling structure. Both the secondscaffold and the second filling structure generally take the same formas the first scaffold and first filling structure. A flowable polymerthat may be cured in situ may be used to as the filling material forboth the first and second filling structures.

The system may also comprise a releasable coupling mechanism that iscoupled with the first filling structure and the shaft. The couplingmechanism is adapted to reduce axial movement along the shaft of thefilling structure relative to the scaffold. The releasable couplingmechanism may comprise a tether that is releasably coupled with theshaft and the filling structure. The filling structure may also comprisea filling tube that is fluidly coupled therewith and that is adapted tofill the filling structure with the filling medium. The filling tube mayalso comprise an inner tube that is slidably disposed in the fillingtube. Both the inner tube and the filling tube may be fluidly coupledwith the filling structure.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method for treating ananeurysm comprises providing an elongate flexible shaft having aproximal end and a distal end. The flexible shaft carries a firstdouble-walled filling structure and a first scaffold adjacent the distalend. Advancing the elongate shaft in a patient's vasculature allows thefirst double-walled filling structure to traverse the aneurysm. Fillingthe first filling structure with a fluid filling medium expands thefilling structure so that an outer wall of the first filling structureconforms to an inside surface of the aneurysm and an inner wall of thefirst filling structure forms a first substantially tubular lumen toprovide a first blood flow path across the aneurysm. Axially moving thefirst scaffold relative to the first filling structure positions atleast a portion of the first scaffold within the first substantiallytubular lumen and radially expanding the first scaffold expands thefirst scaffold from a contracted configuration to an expandedconfiguration.

Axially moving the first scaffold may comprise moving the first scaffolddistally into the first lumen or axially moving the first scaffold maycomprise proximally retracting the first filling structure over thefirst scaffold. Axially moving the first scaffold may also compriseproximally retracting the first scaffold into the first lumen or movingthe first filling structure distally over the first scaffold. Sometimesaxially moving the first scaffold may comprise guiding the first fillingstructure over a tether line or pulling the first filling structure witha tether line. The method may also include retracting a sheath from thefirst filling structure or the first scaffolding so that that portion isunconstrained from expansion. The method may also comprise engaging apusher tube with the first filling structure so as to prevent motionthereof. The method may also further comprise hardening the fillingmedium in the first filling structure.

The method may also include monitoring a pressure or controlling thefilling of the first or second filling structures by changing pressureor volume of the filling medium. Filling the filling structure maycomprise controlling pressure and/or volume of the filling medium. Thepressure may be one that is exerted by the filling medium within thefirst filling structure. The monitored pressure may also be a pressurethat is within a space between an external wall of the first fillingstructure and a wall of the aneurysm. Monitoring the pressure mayinclude placing a fluid filled balloon catheter or a pressure transducerin the space between the filling structure and aneurysm wall. Often, themethod may further include regulating flow of the filling medium inresponse to the monitored pressure.

Filling the filling structure may include actuating an injection deviceand pressure may be monitored at a position adjacent the injectiondevice. The method also may include relieving pressure in the fillingstructure with a relief valve when the pressure exceeds a predeterminedvalue. Sometimes, the relief valve may be fluidly isolated from thefirst filling structure. The fluid relieved from the filling structuremay fill a reservoir that is fluidly coupled with the relief valve andan operator may observe the reservoir to determine inflation status ofthe filling structure. Some pressure monitoring devices may include avisual indicator that is coupled with the first filling structure. Theindicator may have a first and a second position, and the indicatormoves from the first position to the second position when apredetermined pressure is applied to the indicator. An operator mayobserve the indicator position to determine fillings status of thefilling structure.

Other embodiments may include positioning a collapsible member such as aballoon between the outer wall of the filling structure and the insidewall of the aneurysm. An operator observes a compression mechanismhaving first and second positions that is coupled with the fillingstructure. The compression mechanism provides a predetermined forceopposite to the force exerted by the collapsible member as the fillingstructure is filled and the compression mechanism moves from the firstposition to the second position when the force exerted by thecollapsible member exceed the predetermined force. The compressionmechanism may comprise a spring and the collapsible member may becomprise a balloon.

The method may also include the step of stopping the filling of thefilling structure when the monitored pressure reaches a predeterminedpressure. Stopping filling may be achieved by mechanically locking afilling device so that fluid may not be delivered therefrom. Monitoringpressure may also include observing the first scaffold. The firstscaffold may have crushable regions and remainder regions and thecrushable regions collapse when the filling structure is pressurized toa predetermined value while the remainder regions remain fully expanded.

The method may further comprise providing a second elongate flexibleshaft having a proximal and distal end. The second shaft carries asecond double walled filling structure and a second scaffold adjacentthe distal end. Advancing the second elongate shaft in the patient'svasculature allows the second double walled filling structure totraverse the aneurysm. Filling the second filling structure with a fluidfilling medium expands the filling structure so that an outer wall ofthe second filling structure forms a second substantially tubular lumento provide a second blood flow path across the aneurysm. Filling thesecond filling structure may also comprise controlling pressure orvolume of the fluid filling medium. Axially moving the second scaffoldrelative to the second filling structure positions at least a portion ofthe second scaffold within the second substantially tubular lumen andradially expanding the second scaffold expands the scaffold from acontracted configuration to an expanded configuration.

Axially moving the second scaffold may comprise moving the secondscaffold distally into the second lumen or proximally retracting thesecond filling structure over the second scaffold. Axially moving thesecond scaffold may also comprise proximally retracting the secondscaffold into the second lumen or moving the second filling structuredistally over the second scaffold.

The method may also comprise retracting a sheath from either the secondfilling structure and/or the second scaffolding so that either or bothare unconstrained from expansion. Retracting the sheath may alsocomprise splitting the sheath. The method also may comprise hardeningthe fluid filling medium in the second filling structure and monitoringa second pressure. The second pressure may be exerted by the fillingmedium in the second filling structure. Often, the flow of the fillingmedium may be regulated in response to the second monitored pressure. Insome embodiments, the method may comprise filling either the first orthe second filling structure until it engages the other fillingstructure resulting in filling medium being discharged from either thefirst or second filling structure. In still other embodiments, themethod may comprise inflating a balloon on either the first or thesecond elongate shaft so as to compress the first and second fillingstructures against one another and against the aneurysm wall. Oftenfilling medium will be discharged from either the first or secondfilling structure when the balloons are inflated. Radially expanding anyof the scaffolds may comprise inflating a balloon disposed near thedistal end of the shaft. The balloon may comprise a pre-shaped, curvedor tapered region.

The method may also comprise releasing a releasable coupling mechanismthat couples the filling structure with the shaft to allow axialmovement of the filling structure relative to the scaffold and that alsoallows release of the filling structure from the shaft. Releasing thecoupling mechanism may comprise releasing a knot in a tether joining thefilling structure with the shaft. A filling tube may be fluidly coupledwith the filling structure and the step of filling the filling structuremay comprise passing fluid filling medium through the filling tube tothe filling structure. The filling tube may comprise an inner tube thatis slidably disposed therein and that is also in fluid communicationwith the filling structure. The method may comprise removing the innertube and passing additional fluid filling medium through the fillingtube after the inner tube has been removed.

In another aspect of the present invention, a system for treating ananeurysm in a blood vessel comprises an elongate flexible shaft having aproximal region and a distal region. An expandable member is disposedadjacent the distal region and a first expandable scaffold is disposedover the expandable member. The first scaffold is radially expandablefrom a collapsed configuration to an expanded configuration. A firstdouble-walled filling structure is disposed over the first scaffold. Thefilling structure has an outer wall and an inner wall and the fillingstructure is adapted to be filled with a hardenable fluid filing mediumso that the outer wall conforms to an inside surface of the aneurysm andthe inner wall forms a first substantially tubular lumen to provide apath for blood flow. In the expanded configuration, the first scaffoldengages the inner wall of the filling structure. A first releasablecoupling mechanism releasably couples the filling structure with theflexible shaft and the coupling mechanism may comprise a tether that isreleasably coupled with the filling structure and the flexible shaft.The coupling mechanism constrains axial movement of the fillingstructure relative to the flexible shaft.

The first tether may comprise a suture, and in some embodiments thesystem may include a lockwire disposed alongside the flexible shaft. Adistal end of the lockwire may be releasably coupled with the flexibleshaft. The flexible shaft may comprise a tapered nosecone having anaperture therein and the nosecone may be coupled with the distal regionof the flexible shaft such that the distal end of the lockwire may bereleasably coupled with and slidably received in the nosecone aperture.The first tether may be releasably coupled to the lockwire. The fillingstructure may include a first tether loop fixedly attached thereto, andthe first tether may pass through the tether loop. The first tether loopmay be disposed on a distal end of the filling structure. In someembodiments, the first tether may be releasably coupled to the lockwirewith a knot such as a constrictor knot. One end of the first tether maybe fixedly attached with the flexible shaft.

The system may further comprise a second releasable coupling mechanism.The second mechanism may comprise a tether that is releasably coupledwith the filling structure and the flexible shaft. The second tether maybe on an opposite end of the filling structure as the first tether, andthe second tether may constrain axial movement of the filling structurerelative to the flexible shaft. The second tether may comprise a sutureand may be releasably coupled to the lockwire. The second tether may belooped around the lockwire. In some embodiments, the filling structurecomprises a second tether loop fixedly attached thereto and disposed onan opposite end as the first tether loop, and the second tether may passthrough the second tether loop. The second tether may be coupled to theflexible shaft and may be releasably coupled to the flexible shaft witha knot, such as a constrictor knot.

The system may further comprise a second releasable coupling mechanism,such as a tether that is releasably coupled with the filling structureand the flexible shaft. The second tether may be disposed on the sameend of the filling structure as the first tether, and the second tethermay constrain axial movement of the filling structure relative to theflexible shaft. The second tether may comprise a suture. In someembodiments, the system may further comprise a second lockwire disposedalongside the flexible shaft. A distal end of the second lockwire may bereleasably coupled with the flexible shaft. The distal region of theflexible shaft may include a tapered nosecone having a second apertureand the distal end of the second lockwire may be releasably coupled withand slidably received in the second nosecone aperture. The second tethermay be releasably coupled to the lockwire.

In some embodiments, the filling structure may comprise a second tetherloop fixedly attached thereto, and wherein the second tether passesthrough the second tether loop. The second tether loop may be disposedon the same end of the filling structure as the first tether loop. Thesecond tether may be releasably coupled to the lockwire with a knot suchas a constrictor knot. One end of the second tether may be fixedlyattached with the flexible shaft.

The system may further comprise a filling tube fluidly coupled with thefilling structure. The filling tube may be adapted to deliver thehardenable filling medium to the filling structure. The filling tube maycomprise a plurality of apertures near a distal end thereof and that areadapted to allow the hardenable filling medium to flow therethrough intothe filling structure. The filling tube may comprise an inner fillingtube and an outer filling tube slidably disposed thereover, both fluidlycoupled with the filling structure. A stylet may be disposed in thefilling tube. Some embodiments may include a filling tab fluidly coupledwith the filling structure and fluidly coupled with the filling tube.The filling tab may comprise a scored region adapted to permitseparation of the filling tab into two portions, the first portionremaining coupled with the filling structure after filling thereof withthe hardenable filling medium and the second portion discrete andindependent of the first portion.

In still other embodiments, the system may further comprise an outersheath having a lumen. The filling structure, the scaffold and theexpandable member may be disposed in the sheath lumen during delivery ofthe system to a treatment site. Other embodiments may include a secondelongate flexible shaft having a proximal region and a distal region anda second expandable member disposed adjacent the distal region. A secondexpandable scaffold may be disposed over the second expandable member.The second scaffold may be radially expandable from a collapsedconfiguration to an expanded configuration. The system may also includea second double-walled filling structure disposed over the secondscaffold. The second filling structure may have an outer wall and aninner wall, wherein the second filling structure is adapted to be filledwith a hardenable fluid filing medium so that the outer wall conforms toan inside surface of the aneurysm and the inner wall forms a firstsubstantially tubular lumen to provide a path for blood flow. The secondscaffold in the expanded configuration may engage the inner wall of thefilling structure, and the system may also have a tether releasablycoupled with the second filling structure and the second flexible shaft.The tether may constrain axial movement of the second filling structurerelative to the second flexible shaft.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a method for treating ananeurysm in a patient comprises providing an elongate flexible shafthaving a proximal end, a distal end, and an expandable member near thedistal end. The flexible shaft carries a first radially expandablescaffold over the expandable member and a first double walled fillingstructure disposed over the first scaffold. Advancing the shaft in thevasculature of the patient allows the first filling structure to bedelivered to the aneurysm. Radially expanding the first scaffold expandsthe scaffold from a contracted configuration to an expandedconfiguration, wherein in the expanded configuration the first scaffoldengages the inner wall of the first filling structure. Filling the firstfilling structure with a first fluid filling medium allows an outer wallof the first filling structure to conform to an inside surface of theaneurysm and an inner wall of the first filling structure forms a firstsubstantially tubular lumen to provide a first blood flow path acrossthe aneurysm. Filling the first filling structure with the first fluidfilling medium also allows assessment of the filling volume by removingand recording the first filling medium. Filling the first fillingstructure with a second fluid filling medium allows an outer wall of thefirst filling structure to conform to an inside surface of the aneurysmand an inner wall of the first filling structure forms a substantiallytubular lumen to provide a first blood flow path across the aneurysm.The second fluid filling medium is hardened in the first fillingstructure and then the first filling structure is released from theflexible shaft. The flexible shaft is then retracted away from the firstfilling structure.

The method may further comprise pre-filling the first filling structurewith a pre-filling fluid until the outer wall of the first fillingstructure conforms to the inside surface of the aneurysm, therebyunfurling the first filling structure. The pre-filling fluid maycomprise saline and may be removed from the first filling structure. Themethod may also comprise pre-filling the first filling structure withpre-filling fluid until the outer wall of the first filling structureconforms to the inside surface of the aneurysm. The pressure and volumeof the pre-filling fluid used to pre-fill the first filling structuremay be measured and then the pre-filling fluid may be removed from thefirst filling structure. Filling the first filling structure with thefirst fluid filling medium may comprise filling the first fillingstructure with the first filling medium using substantially the samepressure and volume as measured. The pre-filling fluid may comprisesaline or contrast media to assist visualizing the filling process underx-ray fluoroscopy. The first filling medium may be passed through afilling tube that is fluidly coupled with the first filling structure.

Radially expanding the scaffold may comprise inflating a balloon that isdisposed on the flexible shaft. Hardening the first fluid filling mediumin the first filling structure may comprise polymerizing the first fluidfilling medium in situ. The first fluid filling medium may comprisepolyethylene glycol.

A releasable coupling mechanism such as a tether may couple the firstfilling structure with the flexible shaft and the step of releasing thefirst filling structure from the flexible shaft may comprise releasingthe coupling mechanism or de-coupling the tether from the first fillingstructure. One end of the tether may be releasably coupled with alockwire and the step of de-coupling the tether may comprise retractingthe lockwire thereby detaching the tether from the lockwire. De-couplingthe tether may comprise releasing the tether from a tether loop on thefirst filling structure. In some embodiments, a second releasablecoupling mechanism, such as a tether may couple the first fillingstructure with the flexible shaft and the step of releasing the firstfilling structure from the flexible shaft may comprise de-coupling thesecond tether from the first filling structure. Releasing one or more ofthe coupling mechanisms may permit separation of a filling tube from thefilling structure.

The method may further comprise the step of retracting a sheath awayfrom the first filling structure and the first scaffold to allowexpansion thereof. Pressure may be monitored during filling of the firstfilling structure. The monitored pressure may be a pressure of thefilling medium in the first filling structure or a pressure in a spacebetween the outer wall of the first filling structure and a wall of theaneurysm. A filling tube may be released from the first fillingstructure after the hardenable filling medium has been deliveredthereto. Releasing the filling tube may comprise severing a filling tabcoupled with the first filling structure.

In some embodiments, the method may further comprise providing a secondelongate flexible shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and asecond expandable member near the distal end. The second flexible shaftmay carry a second radially expandable scaffold over the secondexpandable member and a second double walled filling structure may bedisposed over the second scaffold. The second shaft may be advanced inthe vasculature of the patient so that the second filling structure isdelivered to the aneurysm and the second filling structure is filledwith a second fluid filling medium so that an outer wall of the secondfilling structure conforms to an inside surface of the aneurysm and aninner wall of the second filling structure forms a second substantiallytubular lumen to provide a second blood flow path across the aneurysm.The second scaffold is radially expanded from a contracted configurationto an expanded configuration wherein in the expanded configuration thesecond scaffold engages the inner wall of the second filling structure.The second fluid filling medium may be hardened in the second fillingstructure and the second flexible shaft is released from the secondfilling structure. The second shaft may be retracted away from thesecond filling structure.

The first filling structure may comprise a filling tube that is fluidlycoupled therewith and the step of filling the first filling structuremay comprise passing filling medium through the filling tube. Thefilling tube may comprise an inner tube that is slidably disposedtherein and that is also fluidly coupled with the filling structure. Themethod may further comprise removing the inner tube from the fillingtube and supplying additional filling medium to the filling structure bypassing the filling medium through the filing tube after the inner tubehas been removed therefrom.

These and other embodiments are described in further detail in thefollowing description related to the appended drawing figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the anatomy of an infrarenal abdominal aorticaneurysm.

FIG. 2 illustrates a delivery catheter carrying a single prosthesissystem which comprises a filling structure mounted over a scaffoldstructure.

FIG. 3 illustrates a system comprising a pair of prostheses for deliveryto an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm, where each prosthesiscomprises a delivery catheter carrying a filling structure mounted overa scaffold structure.

FIGS. 4A-4I illustrate exemplary usage of the system in FIG. 3 fortreating an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm.

FIG. 5 illustrates an aneurysm treatment system having a fillingstructure and scaffold concentric with a delivery catheter.

FIG. 6 illustrates an aneurysm treatment system wherein the fillingstructure is separate from the scaffold.

FIG. 7 shows an aneurysm treatment system having a filling structureaxially separated from the scaffold.

FIG. 8 illustrates an aneurysm treatment system similar to that of FIG.7, but with the relative positions of the filling structure and scaffoldreversed.

FIG. 9 illustrates an aneurysm treatment system having a fillingstructure axially separated from the radially expandable balloon.

FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate the use of various sheath embodiments.

FIGS. 11A-11B show the use of a tether line to help guide movement ofthe filling structure relative to the scaffold.

FIGS. 12A-12B show the use of a tether line to help pull the fillingstructure toward the scaffold.

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate the use of pressure monitoring to facilitatefilling of the filling structure.

FIG. 14A-14C illustrate the use of a pressure relief valve and overflowreservoir.

FIGS. 15A-15B illustrate use of another pressure indicator mechanism.

FIGS. 16A-16B illustrate pressure monitoring in the space between thefilling structure and the aneurysm wall.

FIGS. 17A-17C show a balloon catheter having various pressure monitoringdevices.

FIGS. 18A-18B illustrate a filling device with a locking mechanism.

FIGS. 19A-19D illustrate various compartments in the filling structure.

FIGS. 20A-20B illustrate the use of crumple zones in the scaffolding aspressure indicators.

FIG. 21 illustrates an aneurysm treatment system with integratedpressure monitoring.

FIGS. 22A-22B illustrate the use of a hitch to hold the fillingstructure.

FIGS. 23A-23C illustrate a pocket feature on the filling structure.

FIG. 24 shows an alternative embodiment of a filling structure andscaffolding delivery system.

FIGS. 25A-25B illustrate the use of a pressure relief valve.

FIGS. 26A-26C show the use of a stopcock.

FIGS. 27A-27B show how filling may be controlled with the balloons on adelivery catheter.

FIGS. 28A-28B illustrate how filling may be controlled with the fillingstructures themselves.

FIG. 29 illustrates the use of a tether to help minimize relativemovement between a filling structure and an endoframe.

FIGS. 30A-30B illustrate use of a constrictor knot.

FIG. 31 illustrates use of two tethers.

FIGS. 32A-32B illustrate positioning of a filling structure relative toan endoframe.

FIG. 33 illustrates coupling of the filling structure with theendoframe.

FIG. 34 illustrates the use of spring arms to help open a portion of thefilling structure.

FIG. 35 illustrates the use of a support post and lockwire.

FIGS. 36A-36B illustrate use of a sheath.

FIGS. 37-38 illustrate still other embodiments using a sheath.

FIGS. 39A-39C illustrate separation of the filling tube from a fillingstructure.

FIG. 40 illustrates an embodiment of a filling tab.

FIGS. 41A-41B illustrate separation of a filling tube from the fillingstructure.

FIG. 42 illustrates filling ports in the filling tube.

FIG. 43 illustrates separation of a filling tube from the fillingstructure.

FIG. 44 illustrates blockage of a filling tube.

FIGS. 45A-45C illustrate the use of an inner and an outer filling tube.

FIG. 46A-46C illustrate various filling tube geometries.

FIGS. 47A-47B illustrate an exemplary delivery system.

FIGS. 48A-48B illustrate the use of pressure monitoring during treatmentof an aneurysm.

FIG. 49 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a delivery system.

FIGS. 50A-50B illustrate various embodiments for introducing contrastmedia.

FIGS. 51A-51B illustrate a pressure measuring device that can maskpressure spikes.

FIGS. 52A-52D illustrate the use of a split sheath.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 illustrates the anatomy of an infrarenal abdominal aorticaneurysm comprising the thoracic aorta (TA) having renal arteries (RA)at an end above the iliac arteries (IA). The abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA) typically forms between the renal arteries (RA) and the iliacarteries (IA) and may have regions of mural thrombus (T) over portionsof its inner surface (S).

Referring now to FIG. 2, a system 10 constructed in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention for delivering a double-walledfilling structure 12 (also referred to as an endograft in thisdisclosure) to an aneurysm includes the filling structure 12 disposedover a radially expandable endoframe 27 (also referred to as a scaffold,stent or scaffolding in this disclosure), both of which are then mountedon a delivery catheter 14 having an expandable element 16, typically aninflatable balloon, at its distal end. Expandable element 16 traversesthe entire length of the endoframe 27 so that the endoframe 27 may beradially expanded upon expansion of the expandable element 16. Endoframe27 traverses the entire length of filling structure 12 and most ofendoframe 27 is covered by filling structure 12, however endoframe 27also has proximal and a distal regions that extend uncovered beyond thefilling structure 12. One of skill in the art will appreciate thatlengths of the filling structure, endoframe and expandable element maybe adjusted as required and thus the relative lengths are not limited tothose disclosed above. Further details about the double-walled fillingstructure are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0212112(Attorney Docket No. 025925-001610US) and preferred embodiments of anendoframe scaffold are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/029,225 (Attorney Docket No. 025925-002710US) and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/371,087 (Attorney Docket No. 025925-002720US),both of which the entire contents are incorporated herein by reference.The catheter 14 will comprise a guidewire lumen 18, a balloon inflationlumen (not illustrated) or other structure for expanding otherexpandable components, and a filling tube 20 for delivering a fillingmedium or material to an internal space 22 of the double-walled fillingstructure 12. The internal space 22 is defined between an outer wall 24and inner wall 26 of the filling structure. Upon inflation with thefilling material or medium, the outer wall 24 will expand radiallyoutwardly, as shown in broken line, as will the inner wall 26, alsoshown in broken line. Expansion of the inner wall 26 defines an internallumen 28. The expandable balloon or other structure 16 will beexpandable to correspondingly expand the endoframe 27 to provide supportand to shape an inner surface of the lumen 28. In this embodiment, theexpandable balloon is substantially cylindrically shaped and thereforethe lumen will also be cylindrically shaped. In other embodiments, theballoon may be pre-shaped to more precisely match the curvature of thevessel. For example, when treating an aortic aneurysm, a tapered,pre-shaped or curved balloon may be used so that the lumen substantiallymatches the aorta. Various balloon configurations may be used in orderto match vessel tortuosity. Pre-shaped, curved or tapered balloons maybe used in any of the embodiments disclosed herein in order to obtain adesired lumen shaped.

In a particular and preferred aspect of the present invention, a pair ofdouble-walled filling structures will be used to treat infrarenalabdominal aortic aneurysms, instead of only a single filling structureas illustrated in FIG. 1. A system comprising such a pair of fillingstructures is illustrated in FIG. 3 which includes a first fillingstructure 112 and a second filling structure 212. Each of the fillingstructures 112 and 212 are mounted on delivery catheters 114 and 214,respectively and each system also has a radially expandable endoframescaffold 127, 227. The components of the filling structures 112 and 212,the endoframes 127, 227 and delivery catheters 114 and 214 are generallythe same as those described previously with respect to the singlefilling structure system 10 of FIG. 1. Corresponding parts of each ofthe filling systems 112 and 212 will be given identical numbers witheither the 100 base number or 200 base number. The filling structures112 and 212 will generally be positioned adjacent each other within theaneurismal space to fill that space, as will be described with specificreference to FIGS. 4A-4I below.

FIGS. 4A-4I illustrate an exemplary use of the system in FIG. 3 fortreating an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm AAA with or withoutmural thrombus T. An optional sheath may be disposed over the scaffoldand/or filling structure as seen in FIG. 10A. In FIG. 4A a pair ofguidewires (GW) will first be introduced preferably percutaneously or bysurgical cut down, from each of the iliac arteries (IA) and advancedacross the aneurysm toward the renal arteries (RA). Referring now toFIG. 4B, the first delivery catheter 114 having expandable balloon 116will then be positioned over one of the guidewires GW to position thedouble-walled filling structure 112 across the aortic aneurysm (AAA)along with scaffold 127. The second delivery catheter 214 havingexpandable balloon 216 is then delivered over the other guidewire GW toposition the second filling structure 212 adjacent to the firststructure 112 across the aneurysm (AAA) along with scaffold 227, asillustrated in FIG. 4C. If either of the delivery catheters 114, 214include sheaths covering their respective scaffold and/or fillingstructure, the sheath (not illustrated) will be retracted. Typically,one of the filling structures 112, 212 and associated balloons 116, 216will be expanded first along with the corresponding scaffold 127, 227,followed by the other filling structure, scaffold and balloon. In someembodiments, both balloons may be radially expanded simultaneouslythereby also expanding the filling structures and scaffoldssimultaneously.

Alternatively, one or both filling structures 112, 212 may be filledwith a hardenable material and then the filling structures 112, 212 areradially expanded along with the corresponding scaffold 127, 227. Instill other embodiments, combinations of filling and expanding may beperformed in different order depending on physician preference andaneurysm anatomy. In some embodiments, an optional unfurling of thefilling structure may be performed prior its filling and radialexpansion. In this optional step, once the delivery system is positionedacross the aneurysm, the filling structure may be filled with CO₂ gas,contrast media, saline or other fluids to unfurl the filling structureaway from the delivery catheter thereby helping to ensure more uniformfilling later on. During unfurling, the filling structure may bepartially filled or fully filled so that it conforms to the inneraneurysm wall. Once unfurled, the fluid may be removed from the fillingstructure and it may be filled with the hardenable material to expandand conform to the aneurismal space between the lumens and the inneraneurysm wall. Pressure relief valves such as those described below mayalso be used to ensure that the filling structure is not over filled.

In another variation of the method, an optional contrast pre-fillingstep may be utilized. In this embodiment, after the delivery catheter ispositioned across the aneurysm and the endoframe has been radiallyexpanded, the filling structure may be pre-filled with contrast media soas to permit observation of the filled filling structure under afluoroscope relative to the aneurismal sac. Additionally, thepre-filling step allows the physician to record the pressure and volumeof the contrast media used for optimal filling of the filling structureand this will provide an estimate of volume and pressure to be used whenfilling the filling structure with the hardenable filling material. Inorder to prevent overfilling of the filling structure, any of thepressure relief valves disclosed below may also be used to bleed offexcess fluid from the filling structure.

FIG. 4D illustrates inflation of balloon 116 along with scaffold 127 inaddition to expansion and filling of filling structure 112. The fillingstructure 112 and balloon 116 are expanded and inflated to fillgenerally half of the aneurismal volume, as illustrated in FIG. 4D.Filling and expansion can generally be carried out as described in U.S.Patent Publication No. 2006/0212112 (Attorney Docket No.025925-001610US) for one filling structure, except of course that thefilling structure 112 will be expanded to occupy only about one-half ofthe aneurismal volume. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0212112discloses filling of one filling structure in more detail includingpressures, filling materials and other details, the entire contents ofwhich have previously been incorporated herein by reference. After thefirst filling structure 112 has been filled, the second fillingstructure 212 may be filled and expanded along with scaffold 227, asillustrated in FIG. 4E. FIG. 4E also illustrates a cut away view of theexpanded scaffolds 127, 227 within the filled filling structures 112,212. The upper ends of the balloons 116 and 216 will conform the tubularlumens of the filling structures against the walls of the aorta as wellas against each other, while the lower ends of the balloons 116 and 216will conform the tubular lumens into the respective iliac artery, IA.The expanded scaffold 127 not only provides support to filling structure112, but also creates and shapes a lumen for blood passage from theaorta to one of the iliac arteries. Similarly, expanded scaffold 227also provides a lumen for blood passage from the aorta into the otheriliac artery. In some protocols filling of the filling structures(either both filled simultaneously or one after the other) may beperformed before, during or after radial expansion of the balloons andthe scaffolding 127, 227 (either both expanded simultaneously or oneafter the other). Additionally, as discussed above with respect to FIG.2, the scaffolds 127, 227 may be radially expanded using a cylindricallyshaped balloon to form a substantially cylindrically shaped lumen.Curved, tapered or pre-shaped balloons may also be used to expand thescaffolds 127, 227, thereby forming a lumen that also is curved, taperedor shaped. The curved, tapered or pre-shaped balloon may be selected tomatch the anatomy of the vessel in which the scaffold and endograft isplaced. Pre-shaped, curved or tapered balloons may be used in any of theother embodiments disclosed herein in order to obtain a desired lumenshape.

After filling the filling structures 112 and 212 as illustrated in FIG.4E, the filling materials or medium will be cured or otherwise hardenedas described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0212112 and thedelivery catheters 114 and 214 removed, respectively. The hardenedfilling structures along with the expanded scaffolds 127, 227 will thenprovide a pair of tubular lumens opening from the aorta beneath therenal arteries to the right and left iliac arteries, as shown moreclearly in broken line in FIG. 4F. The ability of the filling structures112 and 212 to conform to the inner surface (S) of the aneurysm, asshown in FIG. 4F, helps the structures to remain immobilized within theaneurysm with little or no migration. Immobilization of the fillingstructures 112 and 212 may be further enhanced by providing any of thesurface features described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0212112which has been incorporated herein by reference.

The double filling structure embodiments will include at least oneseparate scaffold deployed within each of the tubular blood flow lumens.The scaffolds will generally be endoskeletal structures that lay thefoundation for new lumens, and will be deployed within the tubularlumens of the double-walled filling structures using balloon or otherexpansion catheters (in the case of malleable or balloon-expandablescaffolds) and an optional retractable constraining sheath. FIG. 4G moreclearly shows the first scaffold 127 disposed within the tubular lumenof the first filling structure 112 while a second scaffold 227 isdisposed in the tubular lumen of the second filling structure 212. Asillustrated, in this exemplary embodiment, the scaffolds are balloonexpandable structures which extend into the iliac arteries IA at thelower end of the filling structures. In other embodiments, the scaffoldsmay be self-expanding stent-like structures fabricated from a shapememory alloy such as Nitinol.

Referring now to FIG. 4H, first and second scaffolds 127 and 227 mayextend upwardly on the aortic side of the first and second fillingstructures 112 and 212. When the scaffold structures extend into thethoracic aorta TA, it will usually be desirable that they be expanded sothat they conform to each other along a plane or region of contact. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 4I, the upper ends of the scaffolds 127, 227may be formed preferentially to have D-shaped cross-sections whenexpanded, although other cross-sections such as elliptical, circular,etc. may be formed. Thus, flat faces 258 and 260 will engage each otherwith the remaining portion of the stent conforming to the inner wall ofthe aorta. In this way, most of the cross-sectional area of the aortawill be covered with the scaffold, thus enhancing blood flow through thefilling structures. Other configurations are disclosed in U.S. PatentPublication No. 2006/0212112 previously incorporated herein byreference.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 4A-4I, the scaffold and fillingstructure are both disposed coaxially and generally concentrically overan expandable member coupled to a delivery catheter and the entiresystem is delivered to the aneurysm at one time. FIG. 5 shows a similarcoaxial and concentric system 300 for treating aneurysms where a fillingstructure 308, also referred to as an endograft is coaxially disposedover stent-like scaffold 306, both of which are then coaxially andconcentrically positioned over a radially expandable balloon 304 whichis coupled to the distal region of a catheter shaft 302. Proximal anddistal portions of scaffold 306 extend uncovered by filling structure308 and a filling tube 310 allows a fluid to be delivered to the fillingstructure 308. While this embodiment is promising, in certainsituations, the filling structure may move relative to the endoframeduring delivery, thereby resulting in inaccurate placement of one orboth devices. It would therefore be advantageous to provide a moreeffective way of coupling the filling structure with the endoframe tominimize such movement and to facilitate more accurate delivery of thescaffold and endograft to the treatment site. FIG. 29 illustrates anexemplary embodiment that employs a releasable coupling mechanism tohelp minimize such movement. In FIG. 29, the distal region of a deliverycatheter having a filling structure and an endoframe disposed thereoveris highlighted. Filling structure 2902 is disposed over an endoframe2904, both of which are also disposed over a radially expandable balloon2906 coupled to catheter shaft 2908. The distal end of catheter shaft2908 includes an atraumatic tapered nosecone 2910 having a receivingaperture 2920. The releasable coupling mechanism includes a lockwire2918 that runs substantially parallel with catheter shaft 2908, with thedistal end of the lockwire 2918 disposed in the receiving aperture 2920in nosecone 2910. The releasable coupling mechanism also uses a tether2914. Tether 2914 is releasably coupled with the lockwire 2918, thefilling structure 2912 and the catheter shaft 2908, thereby minimizingrelative motion of the endoframe 2904 to the filling structure 2902during delivery. The tether may be a thin wire fabricated from metal ora polymer or it may be a suture or other filament-like material.Coupling is accomplished by passing one end of the tether 2914 through atether loop 2912 attached to the filling structure 2902 and one end ofthe tether is then releasably coupled with the lockwire 2918 using areleasable knot, here a constrictor knot 2916. Constrictor knots arewell known in the art and may be seen in greater detail in FIGS.30A-30B. The opposite end of the tether is secured to the distal regionof the delivery catheter 2922 with a knot such as a constrictor knot, orbonded, welded or otherwise fixed to the catheter shaft. Thisconfiguration helps keep the filling structure 2902 from moving relativeto the endoframe 2904 and the delivery catheter 2908 during delivery.FIG. 29 illustrates a single tether coupled with a single tether loop.Using the tether/pullwire coupling system, movement of the fillingstructure relative to the endoframe is limited to ±5 mm preferably, andmore preferably to ±3 mm and the endoframe/filling structure can bepositioned in the aneurysm to within ±7 mm of a target implantationsite, and more preferably to within ±5 mm of the target site.

In use, once the filling structure 2902 and the endoframe 2904 have beendelivered to a desired position, the lockwire 2918 may be retractedproximally so that its distal tip disengages from aperture 2920 and thelockwire is removed from under the constrictor knot 2916 allowing theknot to unfurl. This de-couples the endoframe 2902 from the deliverycatheter 2908 so that the two may be separated from one another. One endof the tether remains coupled with the catheter so that the tether mayalso be removed from the body.

The embodiment of FIG. 29 only illustrates a single tether. In otherembodiments, multiple releasable coupling mechanisms using tethers maybe coupled with multiple tether loops. For example, two, three, four ormore releasable coupling mechanisms having two, three, four or moretethers may be disposed circumferentially and optionally symmetricallyaround the catheter and filling structure coupled with a matching numberof tether loops coupled with the filling structure. In otherembodiments, one, two, three, four, or more releasable couplingmechanisms using tethers may be coupled to both the proximal and distalends of the filling structure with tether loops on the proximal anddistal ends of the filling structure. FIG. 31 illustrates an exemplaryembodiment of a device having two releasable coupling mechanismsincluding tethers. In FIG. 31 a delivery sheath 3102 is disposed overthe endoframe 3118 and filling structure 3104 during delivery to theaneurysm, typically over a guidewire GW. Once delivered to the aneurysm,the endoframe 3118 and the filling structure 3104 are advanced andexposed from the delivery sheath 3102 (or the delivery sheath isretracted). Two releasable coupling mechanisms having two tethers 3110and 3128 are used to help couple the filling structure 3104 with theendoframe 3118. A first tether 3110 passes through a tether loop 3122attached to the filling structure 3104 while one end of the tether isreleasably connected to the lockwire 3108 using a knot 3124 such as theconstrictor knot previously disclosed above. The other end 3114 of thetether 3110 is coupled with a distal portion of delivery catheter 3116or nose cone 3106. A second tether 3128 passes over the lockwire 3108and through a second tether loop 3126 attached to the other end of thefilling structure 3104. The second tether 3128 is then releasablycoupled with the fill tube 3132 extending from the filling structure3104 using a knot 3130 such as a constrictor knot. The fill tube 3132allows the filling structure 3104 to be filled with hardenable mediumfrom outside the patient's body. The lockwire 3108 runs substantiallyparallel with the delivery sheath 3102 and is disposed under the fillingstructure 3104. The distal end of the lockwire 3108 is releasablyreceived in an aperture 3112 in tapered nosecone 3106 and the proximalend may be manipulated by the physician from outside the patient's body.In addition to helping prevent movement of the filling structurerelative to the scaffold, the second tether 3128 helps to preventrelease of the fill tube 3132 from the filing structure 3104, thusproviding a fail safe mechanism prior to filling, and during filling orre-filling of the filling structure and until the procedure is over andit is desired to separate the filling tube from the filling structure.Endoframe 3118 is crimped over balloon 3120 which is coupled with thedelivery catheter shaft 3116. In these exemplary embodiments, a tetheris used in the releasable coupling mechanism to prevent unwantedmovement of the filling structure relative to the scaffold. One of skillin the art will appreciate that other releasable coupling mechanisms maybe used and therefore the coupling mechanism is not limited to tetherembodiments. Additionally, the tether may be used as a releasablecoupling mechanism in any of the embodiments disclosed in thisspecification.

The coupling mechanism described in FIG. 31 also allows positioning ofthe filling structure relative to the endoframe by movement of thedelivery catheter, as illustrated in FIGS. 32A-32B. In FIG. 32A,depending on how taut the tethers 3110 and 3128 are, the deliverycatheter 3116 may be advanced or retracted as indicated by the arrows toposition the endoframe 3118 and delivery catheter 3116 relative to thefilling structure 3104. Similarly, in FIG. 32B, the delivery catheter3116 may be advanced into the filling structure 3104 or retracted awayfrom the filling structure 3104 as indicated by the arrows. Thisembodiment may be used when in situ adjustment is desired or during“serial deployment” where either the filling structure or the endoframeis deployed before the other and then the two components are aligned inthe aneurysm, as will be discussed in greater detail below. In additionto serial delivery of a scaffold and endograft, the releasable couplingmechanisms described herein (e.g. the tether embodiments describedabove) may also be used in parallel delivery of the two components aswill be discussed in greater detail below. Thus, releasable couplingmechanisms such as tethers may be used in any of the embodimentsdisclosed herein. Sometimes, the lockwire will be covered with a supportpost. In FIG. 35, a loop 3514 coupled with the filling structure 3502 isfed into an aperture 3516 of a support post 3512. A lockwire 3510 is fedthrough the support post 3512 and through the loop 3514, therebycoupling the filling structure 3502 with the lockwire 3510. The distalend of the lockwire 3510 is received in an aperture 3508 on nosecone3506 of the delivery catheter 3504. This configuration prevents thesupport post from having a free end that could extend and cause damageor trauma to the vasculature. Retraction of the lockwire 3510 past theaperture 3516 releases the loop 3514 from the lockwire 3510.

In other embodiments, the filling structure may be coupled more directlywith the endoframe. For example, in FIG. 33, the endoframe 3304 includeseyelets 3306 near it's proximal and distal ends. Tether loops 3308 maythen be looped through the eyelets 3306 and secured to the fillingstructure 3302. This way, the filling structure 3302 will be fixedrelative to the endoframe as long as the tether loops are taut.Generally, this coupling mechanism will allow about ±5 mm and morepreferably ±3 mm of relative movement between the filling structure andthe endoframe. Also, the filling structure and endoframe should bepositionable within ±7 mm and more preferably between ±5 mm of a targetposition within the aneurysm of the filling structure 3302.

In place of tethers coupled with the filling tube (such as tether 3128in FIGS. 32A-32B), spring loaded arms may be used. In FIG. 34, fillingstructure 3402 includes a filling tube 3410 for filling the fillingstructure with hardenable medium. A pair of spring arms 3414 are coupledwith the filling tube 3410 at one end, and the opposite ends of the arms3414 are coupled with the filling structure 3402. The ends are wrappedaround a loop 3412 coupled with the filling structure 3402. In thisembodiment, the arms are wire-like elements made from spring tempermetal such as stainless steel or superelastic nitinol, although othermaterials could be used such as a resilient polymer. Since the fillingstructure is coupled with the filling tube, they are fixed to oneanother and relative movement is not possible. The arms 3414 areadvantageous since upon deployment from a constraining sheath (notillustrated), the arms radially expand outward, facilitating opening ofthe filling structure so it is may receive the delivery catheter 3406having an endoframe 3404 mounted over a balloon 3408. Again, thisembodiment may be used when the filling structure and the endoframe aredelivered separately, as discussed below.

In addition to the potential challenge of minimizing movement of theendoframe relative to the filling structure, the embodiment described inFIG. 5 may present other challenges. For example, because of the stackupof multiple elements on top of one another, the distal region of system300 has a relatively large profile which can make it difficult to insertpercutaneously into the patient's vasculature and in some cases (e.g.through tortuous vessels or through stenotic regions) it also isdifficult to advance to the aneurysm. Therefore, other delivery systemconfigurations are possible which may help reduce profile and facilitatedelivery. These delivery systems have an outer diameter preferablyranging from 10 French to 18 French, and more preferably have an outerdiameter ranging from 12 French to 16 French.

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative embodiment where the system 320utilizes independent delivery of the filling structure and the scaffold.In FIG. 6, a filling structure 326 is disposed over a balloon 324 whichis coupled to a first delivery catheter 322. A filling tube 328 allowsthe filling structure 326 to be filled with a hardenable material. Asecond delivery catheter 330 carries a second balloon 332 having ascaffold 334 disposed thereon. In this embodiment, the endograft may bedelivered to the aneurysm first where it is expanded and filled viafilling tube 328 and then the first catheter 322 is removed from thefilling structure 326. The second catheter 332 is then advanced into thelumen created by the filling structure 326 and then balloon 332 isexpanded thereby correspondingly expanding scaffold 334 within fillingstructure 326. Alternatively, after filling structure 326 has beenexpanded and filled, delivery catheter 322 may be removed from thepatient's body and scaffold 334 may be mounted on the same deliverycatheter 322 for delivery and expansion into the filling structure 326.This alternative embodiment provides some advantages over the embodimentof FIG. 5 such as having a lower profile but still has challenges suchas the increased cost and waste associated with using two separatedelivery catheters or an increased procedure time to deliver and deploythe filling structure and scaffold independently of one another. Onepossible solution is to provide a delivery catheter having twoindependently expandable balloons disposed on a delivery catheter. Theballoons are separated from one another by a predetermined distance. Ascaffold is placed over one balloon and an endograft is placed over thesecond balloon. Thus, a single catheter may be used to deliver both thegraft and scaffold to the aneurysm where the graft and scaffold are thenindependently deployed into the aneurysm.

Another embodiment which reduces the need for two delivery catheters andalso reduces procedure time by eliminating the need to remove thecatheter from the patient and then mount a scaffold thereover isillustrated in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, a single delivery catheter carriesboth scaffold and filling structure to the aneurysm while stillproviding a system with reduced delivery profile. Delivery system 350includes a delivery catheter 352 having an expandable balloon 358.Scaffold 360 is mounted directly over the balloon 358 and the fillingstructure 354 is positioned distal to the scaffold 360 such that the twoimplants are axially separated from one another and a gap or spacing 362separates them. The releasable coupling mechanisms described above,including the tether embodiments may be used to limit movement betweenthe scaffold and the filling structure. The delivery catheter 352 may beadvanced to the aneurismal treatment site such that filling structure354 traverses the aneurysm. The filling structure 354 may be filled viafilling tube 356 so that it conforms to the aneurysm and then scaffold360 may be advanced distally in the direction of arrow 364 so that isreceived in the lumen of filling structure 354. Balloon 358 may then beradially expanded so as to expand scaffold 360 into the inner wall offilling structure 354. In an alternative embodiment, after fillingstructure 354 is positioned across the aneurysm, scaffold 360 may beadvanced into the lumen of filling structure 354. Both are then radiallyexpanded by expansion of balloon 358 and the filling structure is filledeither before, during or after radial expansion. System 370 of FIG. 8 issimilar to that of system 350 in FIG. 7 except that the relativepositions of the scaffold 360 and filling structure 354 have beenreversed. This time, in the embodiment of FIG. 8, scaffold 360 isretracted proximally in the direction of arrow 366 into the lumen offilling structure 354. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciatethe motion of the components is relative, thus instead of advancing afirst component into a second component, the second component may beretracted over the first component. Similarly, retraction of a firstcomponent into a second component may also be achieved by advancing thesecond component over the first component.

Yet another embodiment that helps reduce delivery profile is illustratedby system 390 in FIG. 9. In FIG. 9, a filling structure 392 havingfilling tube 398 is disposed over delivery catheter 396 and axiallyseparated from radially expandable balloon 394 by a spacing 399. In thisembodiment, the filling structure 392 may be delivered to the aneurysmwhere it is filled and balloon 394 is expanded to help form the lumen infilling structure 392. Alternatively, the filling structure may beretracted over balloon 394 either before, during or after delivery tothe aneurismal treatment site and then it may be expanded and filled. Aseparate scaffold (not illustrated) may then be delivered and deployedin the lumen created by the inner wall of filling structure 392. Areleasable coupling mechanism, such as the tether embodiments previouslydescribed above may also be included in this embodiment to minimizemovement of the filling structure relative to the scaffold.

Some delivery systems may include a sheath. Any of the embodimentspreviously described may include a sheath in order to protect thescaffolding and/or the filling structure. In some embodiments where thescaffolding is self-expanding, the sheath acts as a constraint to keepthe scaffolding from self-expanding. FIG. 10A illustrates a deliverysystem having a balloon 406 disposed over a catheter shaft 404. Aballoon expandable scaffolding 408 is disposed over the balloon 406 anda filling structure 410 is also disposed over the catheter shaft 404axially separated from the balloon 406. An outer sheath 402 is disposedover both the scaffolding 408 and the filling structure 410. Moving thesheath 402 away from the scaffolding 408 exposes the scaffolding 408and/or filling structure 410 so that either may be radially expanded byballoon 406 or allows expansion of filling structure 410 due to filling.FIG. 10A also illustrates an optional pusher tube 412 having a distalend that can engage the proximal end of the endograft. The pusher tubekeeps the endograft from moving as the outer sheath 402 is retracted andalso helps to support the endograft and prevent it from collapsingduring sheath retraction. The pusher tube 412 and the sheath 402 may beextruded using manufacturing techniques well known to those of ordinaryskill in the art and may be fabricated from a number of polymers such aspolyethylene, polyurethane, Teflon, PVC, nylon and the like.

FIG. 10B illustrates another sheath embodiment similar to the embodimentof FIG. 10A, except in this embodiment the sheath has a tapered distalend. Because the balloon 406 and scaffolding 408 are distal relative tothe filling structure 410 and because of the larger profile of theendograft filling structure 410 relative to the scaffolding 408, a stepexists between the filling structure 410 and the scaffolding 408.Tapered region 403 in sheath 402 provides a smoother transition betweenthese two regions. In order to facilitate retraction of the sheath overthe filling structure 410, the tapered tip 403 may be perforated orlongitudinally slit. Thus, as sheath 402 is retracted and as the taperedregion 403 begins to engage filling structure 410, the slits orperforations will open up allowing the smaller diameter sheath tip topass over the filling structure 410. In a preferred embodiment, twoslits approximately 180 degrees apart may be imparted into the sheathtip, although it will be recognized that additional slits or even asingle slit may be used.

Other variations on the orientation of the balloon, filling structureand scaffolding may also be employed. For example, in some embodimentsthe endoframe scaffolding and filling structure may be mounted coaxiallyover a catheter shaft either proximal of or distal to a balloon. Thescaffolding and filling structure are positioned at the treatment siteand then the balloon is positioned within the scaffolding and fillingstructure and expanded. In a variation of this embodiment, a thin splittubular liner may be positioned over the balloon and passes through theinner diameter of the filling structure. The thin liner acts as a guidefor the balloon during use. Thus, as the balloon is axially positionedwithin the scaffolding and filling structure, the thin liner guides theballoon through the inner diameter of the scaffolding. When the balloonis expanded, the thin liner splits along perforations or slit regions toallow radial expansion thereof.

For example, in FIGS. 36A-36B, a smooth sheath or covering 3608 may bedisposed over all or a portion of the endoframe 3606 and balloon 3610.This is useful in embodiments where the endoframe 3606 and cathetershaft 3604 are advanced into the filling structure 3602 (e.g. FIG. 7) orwhere the endoframe 3606 and catheter shaft 3604 are retracted into thefilling structure (e.g. FIG. 8). Covering all or a portion of theballoon 3610 and endoframe 3606 allows both to easily be received intothe filling structure 3602 without binding or damaging either component.When the balloon is inflated, the cover 3608 will be pushed away fromand off the endoframe 3606 and balloon 3610, allowing full expansion asseen in FIG. 36B.

FIG. 37 illustrates another embodiment using a sheath or cover. In FIG.37, the entire endoframe 3704 and balloon 3708 are covered by the sheath3702 to facilitate smooth entry of the endoframe 3704 into the fillingstructure 3706 when the catheter shaft 3710 is moved in the direction ofthe arrow. FIG. 38 illustrates still another embodiment using a sheath.In FIG. 38, a sheath or sleeve 3802 not only covers the endoframe 3804and balloon 3808, but extends all the way through the filling structure3810. Thus, when the delivery catheter 3806 is advanced, the endoframe3804 easily slides through the sleeve 3802 and avoids rubbing againstthe inner wall of the filling structure 3810. The sleeve 3802 may thenbe easily retracted and removed prior to deployment of the endoframe andfilling structure.

A split sheath or a perforated sheath may also be used to facilitatedeployment of the device. For example, FIG. 52A illustrates a fillingstructure 5210 having a filling tube 5214 disposed over a scaffold 5212which is carried by a balloon 5208 on a delivery catheter shaft 5206having a distal nosecone 5204. The delivery catheter is delivered over aguidewire GW and covered with a sheath 5202 during delivery. Upondeployment, the sheath 5202 is retracted and the filling structure 5210is filled and endoframe 5212 is expanded with balloon 5208. The deliverycatheter 5206 is then retracted away from the expanded endoframe 5212and expanded filling structure 5210 as seen in FIG. 52B. In somesituations, the physician may desire to further expand the endoframe5212 with a larger size balloon. This requires that the deliverycatheter 5206 be removed and replaced. However, the nosecone 5204 cannotbe retracted into the sheath 5202 due to interference with the fillingtube 5214. A tapered split sheath or a tapered perforated sheath may beused to overcome this challenge. FIG. 52C illustrates a tapered splitsheath 5216. The tapered split sheath 5216 allows for a smaller nosecone5204, which can pass through the sheath. Because the sheath 5216 istapered at the tip, it must split to pass over the filling structure5210. This allows the delivery catheter to be retracted from the patientand replaced with a different catheter having a different balloon sizefor post-dilation of the endoframe.

In other embodiments, a tether line may be used to help guide movementof the filling structure relative to the scaffolding. FIGS. 11A-11Billustrate the use of such a tether line. In FIG. 11A, a delivery system420 includes an elongate flexible shaft 422 having a balloon 430disposed near the distal end of the shaft 422. A stent-like scaffolding432 is carried by the balloon 430. A filling structure 436 with fillingtube 438 is also disposed over shaft 422. Filling structure 436 has foureyelets 434 which serve as guides for tether lines 428 to pass through.Tether lines 428 extend from the proximal end of delivery system 420,through eyelets 434 and are coupled to nosecone 426. Nosecone 426 iscoupled to shaft 424 which is movable relative to shaft 422. Shaft 422is retracted over shaft 424 such that balloon 430 and scaffold 432 areslidably received by filling structure 436. FIG. 11B shows retraction ofscaffolding 432 into filling structure 436 with a longer length of shaft424 exposed. Tether lines 428 help guide the filling structure 436 sothat it mates with scaffolding 432 and is retracted into the fillingstructure 432. In this exemplary embodiment, four eyelets 434 are used,although more or less may also be used. The eyelets 434 may be integralwith the filling structure 436 or they may be separate components bondedor otherwise attached thereto. Once the scaffolding has been retractedinto a desired position within filling structure 436, the tether lines428 may be pulled from nosecone 426 and away from the filling structure436 so that it may be expanded and filled in the aneurysm.

FIGS. 12A-12B illustrate an alternative embodiment of a system 450employing tether lines. In FIGS. 12A-12B, tether lines are used to pullthe filling structure toward the scaffolding so that the two componentsare properly aligned. In FIG. 12A, a catheter shaft 456 carries aballoon 460 disposed near the shaft's distal end and a scaffolding 462is disposed over the balloon. A nosecone 454 is coupled to the distalend of shaft 456 and a filling structure 452 having a filling tube 464is disposed over the catheter shaft adjacent the balloon 460 andscaffold 462. The nosecone has a taper 457 on the proximal end as wellas an optional taper on the distal end, that way the nosecone helpsguide the catheter as it is being advanced through the vasculature andthe proximal taper helps the catheter pass through the filling structureas the catheter is being retracted away from the filling structure.Tether lines 458 are removably coupled to filling structure 452 andextend distally to nosecone 454. Tether lines 458 extend throughnosecone 454 and then extend proximally through a lumen in shaft 456(not shown) until the tether lines 458 exit the proximal end of thecatheter shaft 456. As the proximal portion of tether lines 458 arepulled proximally away from the aneurysm, filling structure 452 isadvanced until it is properly positioned over the scaffolding 462 andballoon 460. The tether lines may then be pulled free from fillingstructure 452 and pulled into nosecone 454 as seen in FIG. 12B. Thefilling structure 452 and scaffold 462 may then be filled and expandedinto the aneurysm. In an alternative embodiment, the shaft 456 andscaffolding 462 may be retracted into filling structure 452.

A hitch may also be used to move the filling structure relative to thescaffolding. FIGS. 22A-22B illustrate an exemplary embodiment of ahitch. In FIG. 22A eyelet or suture loop 702 is coupled with a fillingstructure 712 (FIG. 22B). Here, one loop is disclosed, althoughadditional suture loops may also be used. The suture loop 702 is used tohitch the filling structure 712 with a hypotube 760 so that the fillingstructure may be advanced. Hypotube 706 runs substantially parallel withthe delivery catheter shaft (not illustrated here). A distal portion ofthe hypotube 706 is skived 708 to create a receptacle for receiving thesuture loop 702. A lockwire 704 passes through the hypotube 706 andthrough the suture loop 702, thereby locking the suture loop 702 to thehypotube 706. When the hypotube 706 is advanced distally suture loop 702is tensioned and thus, the filling structure may be advanced distallyover the scaffolding 710. Once the filling structure 712 is placed inthe desired position relative to scaffolding 710, the lockwire 704 maybe retracted proximally from the hypotube 706 releasing the suture loop702 from the skived region 708. The hypotube 706 and lockwire 704 maythen be retracted away from the filling structure 712 and removed fromthe patient.

Sometimes, it may be desirable to increase the columnar strength of theendograft in order to prevent it from buckling or otherwise collapsing.Suturing the endograft to the scaffold may be used to help keep the twostructures coupled together. Some embodiments utilize wires or metalframes in the filling structure or attached thereto in order to provideadditional support. A pocket or receptacle on the filling structure mayalso provide enhanced column strength. FIGS. 23A-23C illustrate anexemplary embodiment with a pocket.

In FIG. 23A, filling structure 730 comprises a pocket or receptacleformed in a wall of the filling structure 730, near its distal end. Thepocket 734 may be made from the same material as the filling structure730, or it may be another resilient material. The pocket 734 isgenerally closed along three sides and has one end open, preferablyproximally oriented. The opening is sized to slidably receive atensioning tube, rod or hypotube 732. In use, the tensioning tube 732 isinserted into the pocket 734 until it's distal end bottoms out. FIG. 23Bshows the tensioning tube 732 traversing the unrolled, flattened fillingstructure 730 substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis thereof. Afilling tab 736 is coupled with a proximal end of the filling structure730 and a filling tube 738 is fluidly connected to the filling tab 736.The filling tube 738 extends proximally so that the filling structure730 may be filled from outside the patient's body. The filling tube 738may be used to apply tension to the proximal end of the fillingstructure 730 and thus the filling structure 730 is captured between thepocket 734 on the distal end of the filling structure 730 and thefilling tube 738 on the proximal end. In an alternative embodiment, theproximal end of the filling structure 730 may utilize the hitchpreviously disclosed in FIGS. 22A-22B. FIG. 23C shows a pocket 734 onthe distal end of filling structure 730 and a suture loop 740 on theproximal end of filling structure 730. Tensioning tube 732 is insertedinto pocket 734 and also uses the hitch of FIGS. 22A-22B to capturesuture loop 740. In either embodiment, once the filling structure isdelivered to the treatment site, filled and deployed, the tensioningtube 732 may be retracted from the pocket 734 and the hitch released,thereby disengaging the tensioning tube 732 from the filling structure730.

Another exemplary embodiment of a filling structure and scaffoldingdelivery system is seen in FIG. 24. In FIG. 24, a delivery catheter hasa nosecone 752 attached to a center shaft 758 via a tip 754 member. Anendograft filling structure 756 is positioned coaxially over the centershaft 758. Also coaxial to the center shaft 758 and proximal to thefilling structure 756 is a sliding shaft 764 which can slide axiallyalong the center shaft 758. Attached distally to the sliding shaft 764is an expandable member 760, here a balloon, which has a stent-likescaffolding 762 crimped thereover. Coaxial to both shafts 758, 764 is anouter sheath 766 which has an inner diameter large enough to containboth shafts 758, 764, the balloon 760, scaffolding 762 and fillingstructure 756. A pullwire 768 runs substantially parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the shafts 758, 764, outside of the balloon 760 andscaffolding 762 and through the inner diameter of the filling structure756. The pullwire 768 is removably coupled to the filling structure 756at two or more positions. In use, the outer sheath 766 is retracted toexpose the filling structure 756. The balloon 760 and scaffolding 762are advanced over the center shaft 758 by advancing the sliding shaft764, through the inner diameter of the filling structure 756 until theballoon 760 and scaffolding 762 are axially aligned with the fillingstructure 756. The balloon 760 may then be inflated, radially expandingthe scaffolding 762 within the filling structure 756. The fillingstructure 756 may then be filled with a hardenable material and thepullwire 768 is retracted to release the filling structure 756 from theshaft 758 and the delivery catheter may then be removed from thepatient.

Many of the filling structure embodiments include a filling tube. FIG.41A illustrates an embodiment where a single lumen filling tube 4106 mayextend from the filling structure 4102 proximally so that the fillingstructure may be filled with a hardenable medium by a physician using asyringe, pump or other filling device. Once the filling structure isfilled with hardenable medium 4104, the filling tube 4106 may beretracted and pulled away from the filling structure 4102. In somecircumstances, the hardened filling medium 4104 may form a plug or tail4108 that extends outside of the filling structure 4102. This isundesirable since the tail 4108 could break free and migrate or it couldpuncture or otherwise cause trauma to adjacent tissue. FIG. 41Billustrates the remaining tail 4108 after the filling tube 4106 has beenreleased from the filling structure 4102. One embodiment that minimizesor eliminates this challenge is seen in FIG. 42. In FIG. 42, the distalportion of the filling tube 4202 has a distal port 4206 and a pluralityof side ports 4204 for delivering the hardenable medium to the fillingstructure. Additionally, the distal end of the filling tube 4202 has atapered and rounded tip which reduces the diameter of the plug oncehardened, creating a break point when the plug is removed. FIG. 43illustrates retraction of the filling tube away from the fillingstructure 4208 after hardening of the filling medium 4210. Because thefilling medium is provided by multiple ports, several smaller plugs 4212result and because of their smaller size, they easily break away fromthe filling material 4210 in the filling structure 4208 without leavingsharp protrusions. The polymer plugs remain inside the fill tube andbreak at the ports, instead of leaving a protruding tail. Additionally,having multiple ports 4204 is advantageous since the filling structure4208 could be drawn into the lumen and block the distal portion 4206during draining of the filling structure which can involve the use of avacuum. The additional ports 4204 allow filling medium to be removedand/or delivered even if the distal port 4206 is blocked.

A double filling tube may be used to avoid some of the challengesdiscussed above. In FIG. 45A an outer filling tube 4502 has an innerfilling tube 4504 extending along its length. The distal ends of bothfilling tube are disposed in the filling structure 4508. Filling medium4506 can be delivered to the filling structure 4508 first, via the innerfilling tube 4504. The inner filling tube may be retracted from both thefilling structure 4508 and the outer filling tube 4502 after fillingmaterial has been delivered 4508 as seen in FIG. 45B. The fillingstructure does not always completely fill up with filling medium due toa number of reasons such as viscosity, stagnation around the fillingtubes, etc. More commonly, the filling structure may not be completelyfilled up because the physician may not infuse an adequate volume offilling medium. Thus there may be unfilled regions 4510. Additionalfilling medium 4506 may be added to the filling structure 4506 using theouter filling tube 4502 or a new inner filling tube may be advancedthrough the outer filling tube 4502. This allows the unfilled regions4510 to be more completely filled as seen in FIG. 45C.

The filling tubes may have many geometries. They may be round,rectangular or other configurations. Generally, it is preferred that thefilling tubes have a low profile in order to maintain a low deliverydiameter of the entire system. For example, in FIG. 46A the filling tube4608 has a width greater than its height. This allows the filling tubeto more easily fit in the annular space between the inner surface of afilling structure or outer sheath 4610 and the endoframe 4604 whichmounted over a balloon 4606 on a delivery catheter 4602. FIG. 46Billustrates nesting of an inner filling tube 4614 in an outer fillingtube 3612 with an optional wire mandrel or stylet 4616 which may be usedto prevent kinking of the filling tubes. In some embodiments, a fillingtube 4614 a may have a separate lumen 4618 for a stiffening mandrel.FIG. 47A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a delivery system wherethe filling structure 4702 is axially separated from the endoframe 4712and a sheath 4704 covers both during delivery. The endoframe 4712 ismounted over a balloon 4710 coupled to a catheter shaft 4708. FIG. 47Billustrates a cross section of FIG. 47A taken along the line B-B andhighlights the low profile filling tube 4706 in the annular spacebetween the sheath 4704 and the endoframe 4712. Once the sheath 4704 isretracted and the endoframe is advanced into the filling structure 4702,pressure in the filling tube 4706 will force open the filling tube 4706and permit greater fluid flow.

It can be challenging to maintain an airtight seal between the fillingstructure and the removable filling tube. Additionally, when the fillingmedium hardens, it can be challenging to separate the filling tube fromthe filling structure after in situ curing. FIGS. 39A-39C illustrate oneembodiment that facilitates separation of the filling tube from thefilling structure while maintaining the required airtight seal. In FIG.39A a filling tab 3904 is attached to filling structure 3902. Thefilling tab 3904 may be the same material as the filling structure 3902or a different material. The filling tab may be welded, bonded, integralwith, or otherwise attached to the filling structure. Filling tab 3904has a perforation 3906 in it to allow for easy separation. Filling tube3908 runs through filling tab 3904. A duck bill valve (not illustrated)or other one-way valve may also be incorporated into the fill tab toprevent filling medium leakage. After the filling structure 3902 hasbeen filled and hardened, filling tube 3908 is pulled away from thefilling structure 3902. The perforation 3906 allows the fill tab toeasily tear away from the filling structure as seen in FIG. 39B and thenthe fill tube is removed from the filling structure, leaving only asmall portion of filling tab 3904 connected to the filling structure3902, as illustrated in FIG. 39C. In some situations, it may beadvantageous to provide some slack in the fill tab. For example, whenthe filling structure is coupled with the fill tube 3908 using a tether4006, lockwire 4004, constrictor knot 4008, tether loop 4010 (such asdescribed above), the fill tab may be corrugated 4002 or additionalmaterial may be bunched together to allow expansion. The corrugation4002 provides some slack in the fill tab 3904 to prevent unwanteddetachment of the fill tube 3904 at the perforation 3906 when the filltube 3908 is moved relative to the filling structure 3902. Once thelockwire 4004 is removed from the tether 4006, the tether 4006 isde-coupled from the tether loop 4010 and then the fill tab 3904 may beseparated at the perforation 3906.

Various modifications of the protocols described above will be withinthe scope of the present invention. For example, while some of thescaffolds have been shown as being delivered at the same time asdeployment of the filling structure(s), it will also be possible todeliver the scaffolds after deployment of the filling structures. Thescaffolds could be delivered on the same or different deliverycatheter(s) used to deliver and/or shape the filling structures. Thescaffolds could then be expanded before, during or after filling thefilling structure.

Pressure monitoring can also be performed at various stages of theaneurysm repair procedure to help control the filling process of thefilling structure. The monitoring of pressures serves to reduce the riskof dissection, rupture or damage to the aneurysm fromover-pressurization and also can be used to determine an endpoint forfilling. Monitoring can be done before, during or after filling andhardening of the filling structure with filling medium. Specificpressures which can be monitored include the pressure within theinternal space of the filling structure as well as the pressure in thespace between the external walls of the filling structure and the innerwall of the aneurysm. A composite measurement can also be made combiningpressures such as those measured within the interior space of thefilling structure, together with that in the space between the externalwalls of the structure and the aneurysm wall or other space at theaneurysm site and an external delivery pressure used by a fluid deliverydevice, such as a pump or syringe, to deliver the filling medium.Control decisions can be made using any one of these pressuremeasurements or a combination thereof. U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/482,503 (Attorney Docket No. 025925-001410US) discloses a number ofpressure measuring embodiments, the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

For example, in FIG. 48A, an endoframe 4802 and filling structure 4808are positioned in the aneurysm AAA. After preliminary expansion of theendoframe 4802 and filling of the filling structure 4803 with saline orother fluid, contrast media may be injected into the aneurysm andobserved under fluoroscopy. If a leak is observed 4806 around thefilling structure, the physician may add additional saline or fluid tothe filling structure until the leak is no longer observed asillustrated in FIG. 48B. The saline may then be removed from the fillingstructure. The volume of filling medium and pressure used to obtain thisresult are recorded and then used when the filling structure is filledwith the hardenable filling medium. An exemplary embodiment of adelivery system capable of treating the aneurysm and providing thecontrast media to the aneurysm is illustrated in FIG. 49. In FIG. 49, afilling structure 4906 having a filling tube 4914 is mounted over anendoframe 4914 which in turn is disposed over a balloon 4916 coupledwith the delivery catheter shaft 4918. A wire 4910 is coupled with anosecone 4908 on the distal end of the delivery catheter 4918. The wire4910 is used to guide an angiography catheter, here a single lumen tube4912 around the filling structure 4906. During delivery to the aneurysm,the entire system is housed in a delivery sheath 4902. While disposed inthe sheath, the angiography catheter 4912 is proximal to the fillingstructure 4906 in order to keep profile to a minimum. Once near thedevice has been advanced to the aneurysm, the sheath 4902 may beretracted proximally thereby exposing the angiography catheter andfilling structure. The angiography catheter 4912 may be advanceddistally over the wire 4910 so that contrast media may be deliveredupstream of the filling structure or between the aneurysm wall and thefilling structure.

Similar to the filling tube, the angiography catheter should also have alow profile but it's lumen should also have as large a cross-sectionalarea in order to allow easy, low pressure delivery of contrast media atvery high flow rates, 500-1,000 cc/minute. FIG. 50A illustrates onepossible embodiment for an angiography catheter. In FIG. 50A, theangiography catheter 5010 has a flat, crescent shaped profile that laysflat and can fit in the annular space between the scaffold 5006 and thefilling structure 5008. The scaffold 5006 is carried by a balloonmounted near a distal end of the delivery catheter 5002. FIG. 50Billustrates another embodiment where the delivery catheter 5002 includesa guidewire lumen. The lumen is large enough to accommodate a guidewireGW and still allow delivery of contrast media. In some embodiments, thedistal end of the catheter 5002 may include a nosecone 5012 having sideports 5014 that allow the contrast media to exit laterally, as well asthe distal port 5016.

In an exemplary method of deploying a filling structure and scaffolding,pressure monitoring may be utilized in the following way. After twofilling structures have been delivered to the treatment site, bothscaffolds are radially expanded to help create a lumen for blood flowthrough the filling structure across the aneurysm. Using data from apatient's computerized tomography (CT) scans, a fill volume of theaneurysm treatment site may be estimated and then divided by two, halffor each of the two filling structures. This represents the baselinefilling volume for each filling structure and is the minimum volume offilling material to be injected into each of the filling structures.Syringes or other injection devices coupled with a pressure gage may beused to optionally pre-fill each filling structure with contrastmaterial using the baseline volume and the resulting baseline fillpressure may be noted. This allows unfurling of the filling structureand provides a preliminary assessment of how the expanded fillingstructures fit into the aneurismal space. Once this is accomplished, thecontrast material is removed from the filling structures. Again usingthe patient CT data, a functional fill volume may be determined. Thisvolume is a percentage of the aneurysm volume obtained from the CT data,or it may be a predetermined number and is the volume of fillingmaterial that effectively seals and excludes the aneurysm. Functionalfill pressure will be the pressure at which the functional fill volumeis attained. A polymer fill dispenser may then be used to fill eachfilling structure with the functional fill volume and the functionalfill pressure is noted. While holding the functional fill volume andpressure, the filling structure may be observed under fluoroscopy tocheck for proper positioning, filling and the absence of leakage acrossthe aneurysm. If leaks are observed, additional polymer may be added tothe filling structures until the leaks are prevented or minimized.Excessive additional polymer should not be added to the fillingstructure in order to avoid exceeding a safe fill volume or safe fillpressure. Once the physician is satisfied with the filling andpositioning of the filling structures, stopcocks to the fillingstructures may be closed to allow the polymer to harden and then thedelivery devices may be removed from the patient.

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate an exemplary method of directly monitoringpressure in the filling structure to help ensure that it is properlyinflated relative to the aneurysm. In FIG. 13A, a filling structure 475is placed in the aneurysm A and scaffolding 478 provides support to thelumen created by filling structure 475 so that blood may flow from abovethe aneurysm into the iliac arteries IA A syringe 482 containing afilling material such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) is fluidly coupled tothe filling structure 475 via fluid line 480. Filling pressure may bemonitored in a number of ways including using a pressure gage 484coupled to syringe 482, a graphical pressure monitor 486 or a bloodpressure cuff 488. In FIG. 13B, as syringe 482 is actuated, the pressurewill spike and the PEG will be injected into the filling structure 475.A pressure relief valve may be used to eliminate or reduce the spikingor electronic filtering may be used to remove the unwanted spike. Due tothe viscosity of the PEG, as the polymer is being injected, the pressurewill rise in the syringe 482 as measured by gage 484 relative to thepressure in the filling structure 475 as measured by gage 492 and alsorelative to the blood pressure as indicated by gage 490. This pressurewill rise until high enough to move the PEG through the fluid line 480into the filling structure 475 against the pressure of the blood 490.During filling, filling pressure 484 measured at the syringe 482 by gage484 is equivalent to blood pressure measured at gage 490 and withinfilling structure 492, and this is illustrated in FIG. 13C. As thefilling structure 475 fills and begins to expand into engagement withthe aneurysm wall A, filling pressure measured by gage 484 will increaseagain. This time syringe pressure will also match pressure in thefilling structure 492, both of which will be greater than the bloodpressure 490, as seen in FIG. 13D.

In addition to actual pressure monitoring by gages and graphicaldisplays, etc., other pressure indicators may also be used to facilitatedetermining the filling status of the filling structure. FIGS. 14A-14Cshow an exemplary embodiment employing a relief valve. In FIG. 14A, afilling device 502 is used to fill filling structure 506 via fluid line504. As filling device 502 is actuated, fluid will be delivered to thefilling structure 506. Initially, there will be a pressure spike at thefilling device 502 end of the system and because of this spike, thehigher pressure drives the fluid filling medium into the fillingstructure 506. The pressure spike also makes it challenging to use anover-pressure relief valve to prevent over pressurizing the fillingstructure. However, a relief valve may be located closer to the fillingstructure end thereby reducing the potential for unintentional bleedingof the system due to pressure spikes. In FIG. 14B, a relief valve 508 iscoupled to filling structure 506. The relief valve is preset to acertain pressure such that beyond the preset pressure, any additionalfilling material will bleed out of the filling structure. While therelief valve may be adjacent the filling structure, preferably thefilling material will be vented toward the proximal end (handle end) ofthe catheter, outside the body. This keeps potentially dangerous fluidsor other filling material from being introduced into the body. Inanother embodiment seen in FIG. 14C, when fluid bleeds out of reliefvalve 508 it fills a reservoir 512 which may be disposed either in oralongside catheter shaft 510. As reservoir 512 fills with fillingmedium, it is observed under fluoroscopy or other imaging modalities andwhen filled, the operator knows to stop filling the filling structure506.

While the use of a pressure relief valve such as described with respectto FIGS. 14A-14C can be advantageous, it also can present challenges.For example, in FIG. 25A, a pressure relief valve 804 is placed inbetween a filling device 802 and the filling structure 808 with pressuregages 806, 810 positioned to monitor pressure at the pressure reliefvalve 804 and at the filling structure 808. Once the filling device 802is actuated, pressure in the system will increase significantly whichcan trip the relief valve 804 into venting the excess pressure as seenin FIG. 25B before the filling structure is pressurized as seen in gage810. Thus, it will be very difficult to fill the filling structure 808since most of the filling material will be vented out of relief valve804. FIGS. 26A-26C illustrate a potential solution for this challenge.In FIG. 26A, a four-way, 3 port stopcock 812 is placed in between thefilling device 802 and the filling structure 808. Prior to actuating thefilling device 802, stopcock 804 is adjusted so that flow is turned offto the pressure relief valve 804. Then, filling device 802 may beactuated and stopcock 804 may be adjusted to turn flow on in alldirections. By turning the stopcock 804 off during actuation of fillingdevice 802, the relief valve will not be exposed to pressure spikes,thereby preventing unwanted venting. FIG. 26A shows the stopcockadjusted to turn flow off to the pressure relief valve 804. FIG. 26Bshows actuation of filling device 802 with the stopcock 812 stilladjusted to stop flow to pressure relief valve 804. FIG. 26C showsstopcock 812 adjusted to allow flow in all directions. Pressure gages806, 810 and 814 show relative pressure at various positions betweenfilling device 802 and filling structure 808.

Some embodiments do not utilize a pressure relief valve and thereforeother ways of masking the pressure line from pressure spikes are alsodesirable. For example, when an electronic pressure transducer is used,a low pass filter may be used to eliminate the pressure spike observedduring actuation of the filling device. Additionally, electronicrecording devices may be set to calculate and display the averagepressure over a longer period of time (e.g. sample pressure over 20seconds rather than 2 seconds), or sampling frequency may be reduced.This will effectively eliminate the pressure spike or “mask” it out andthe resulting pressure display is a value that more closely indicatespressure of the filling structure. An exemplary embodiment of a pressuregage that masks pressure spikes is illustrated in FIGS. 51A-51B. In FIG.51A, pressure measuring device 5104 includes an internal flexiblemembrane 5106 such that when high pressure fluid is delivered from asource such as syringe 5102, the membrane 5106 will compress and absorbsome of the pressure, thereby masking any spikes. Once the membrane 5106is pressed against the housing 5108, it cannot deform any further andthus higher pressures will not be transmitted to the gage as seen inFIG. 51B. One advantage of this type of pressure gage is that there areno static areas during pressurization and thus the hardenable fillingmedium cannot pool and obstruct flow.

FIGS. 15A-15B illustrate still another visual indicator that may be usedto control filling of the filling structure. In FIG. 15A, a fillingdevice 502 is fluidly coupled to filling structure 506 via fluid line504. A mechanical pressure indicator 514 is coupled with fillingstructure 506. The mechanical pressure indicator 514 has two positions,a first closed position as seen in FIG. 15A and a second open positionsee in FIG. 15B. The indicator springs open from the closed to openedposition at a predetermined pressure value. The indicator is radiopaqueand thus may be seen under fluoroscopy. Thus, when the indicator popsout, the operator knows that the filling structure 506 has reached acertain pressure and/or volume.

Placing a fluid filled balloon tipped catheter in the space between thefilling structure and the aneurysm wall allows the pressure exerted bythe filling structure against the aneurysm wall to be measured, and thisis illustrated in FIGS. 16A-16B. In FIG. 16A, a partially filled,compliant balloon tipped catheter 524 is placed between an outer wall offilling structure 520 and an inner wall of the aneurysm A. The ballooncatheter 524 may be deployed separately from or together with thefilling structure deployment catheter. The balloon 524 may be filledwith saline, carbon dioxide or like fluids. The catheter 524 is fluidlycoupled with a pressure monitor such as gage 522 via a fluid line 526.At neutral fill volumes, the pressure of the blood is transmittedthrough the balloon 524, along fluid line 526 to pressure monitoringdevice 522, here a pressure gage. As the filling structure 520 is filledwith a hardenable material, it will begin to press the balloon 524against the aneurysm wall, squeezing it and thus exerting a higherpressure which is transmitted along fluid line 526 to pressure gage 522,as seen in FIG. 16B. Thus, an operator may continue to fill the fillingstructure 520 until gage 522 indicates a desired pressure, therebydemonstrating adequate contact between the filling structure 520 andaneurysm wall.

In addition to monitoring pressure of a balloon 524 placed between thefilling structure and the aneurysm wall, other pressure indicators maybe used to determine when to stop filling the filling structure. FIG.17A shows how inwardly directed pressures exerted by an expandingfilling structure and an aneurysm wall are directed against a balloon546 coupled to pressure gage 544 via fluid line 542. This is similar tothe embodiment previously discussed in FIGS. 16A-16B. However, in FIGS.17B-17C, the pressure gage 544 is substituted with a spring loadedpressure indicator 544. Balloon 546 may be partially filled andpreferably has a flat section that may be placed in the space between anouter wall of a filling structure and an inner wall of the aneurysm andis fabricated from a compliant material in order to provide accuratepressure feedback. As the filling structure expands and begins tocompress the balloon 546 against the aneurysm wall, balloon 546 iscompressed. The pressure transmitted by fluid line 542 to spring loadedpressure indicator 544 increases. However, the spring mechanism inindicator 544 resists the force until a predetermined value is reached.In FIG. 17C, once the predetermined value is exceeded, the springcollapses and a pin pops out of the indicator housing, alerting the userthat the filling structure has been filled or that a desired pressurehas been obtained. Different springs may be used in order to adjust theindicator to different pressure set points. In alternative embodiments,other compression mechanisms other than springs may be used.

The balloon 546 and pressure indicator 544 may be integrated with afilling mechanism or the two may be separate from one another. FIGS.18A-18B illustrate a combined filling mechanism with pressure indicatorthat serves as a lockout mechanism to prevent overfilling of the fillingstructure. In FIG. 18A, a gun-like filling device 552 comprises a handle554 for actuating the filling device 552. As handle 554 is actuated bysqueezing, filling material is discharged from a reservoir through afilling tube into the filling structure. A rack 556 having teeth iscoupled with handle 554 to provide an operator with tactile feedback sothat the operator knows how far handle 554 has been actuated. A lockingmechanism 560 similar to the pressure indicator described above withrespect to FIGS. 17A-17C is also coupled with filling device 552. Inthis embodiment, when pressure from fluid line 558 coupled to thefilling structure or a balloon catheter exceeds a predetermined value,plunger 562 springs out of the locking mechanism 560 and engages one ofthe teeth on rack 556, thereby preventing further actuation of handle554. Thus, filling mechanism 552 may be used to fill the fillingstructure but without overfilling it.

Instead of a separate balloon catheter placed between the fillingstructure and aneurysm wall, the filling structure may include aseparate compartment that acts like the balloon catheter previouslydescribed in FIGS. 16A-16B. FIG. 19A illustrates a filling structure 576having a separate compliant compartment 578. Compartment 578 may bepre-filled with a fluid such as saline or carbon dioxide. As fillingstructure 576 is filled and expands into the aneurysm wall, compartment578 will be compressed and pressure therein will increase. Pressure incompartment 578 may be monitored via fluid line 580 by any number ofmethods including using a gage, a display or the like. This embodimentsaves the operator from having to deliver a balloon catheter like thatof FIGS. 16A-16B to the site of the aneurysm. FIG. 19B illustrates aside view of the embodiment in FIG. 19A.

FIG. 19C illustrates how the filling structure 576 may include acompliant balloon-like member 578 for monitoring pressure between thefilling structure and the aneurysm wall. In this embodiment, theballoon-like member 578 includes upper and lower arms 582 thatcircumferentially extend around all or a portion of the fillingstructure 576. The arms 582 allow contact between different parts of thefilling structure to be monitored thereby preventing over inflation inone region and underinflation in another region. A fluid line 580 allowsthe balloon-like member 578 to be coupled with a pressure monitoringdevice. FIG. 19D illustrates still another embodiment of a fillingstructure having multiple separate compartments 584 located at severaldifferent points around filling structure 576. Similar to the embodimentof FIG. 19C, having multiple compartments allow filling of the fillingstructure to be assessed at several locations to ensure uniformity offilling. Each compartment may monitor pressure independently of theother compartments or they may be fluidly coupled together.

The scaffolding itself may also be used to indicate the filling statusof the filling structure. In FIG. 20A, a filling structure is disposedover scaffold 604. Scaffold 604 has regions 606 which are designed tocollapse at a lower radial pressure than the rest of the scaffold. Thus,when filling structure 602 is filled, it will exert a force againstscaffold 604. The weakened regions 606 collapse inwardly slightly,without substantially occluding the lumen for blood flow, therebyforming a series of peaks and valleys which are visible underfluoroscopy. This is illustrated in FIG. 20B. An operator may thereforeuse this to monitor the extent of filling in the filling structure 602.

In still another embodiment, the balloon used to radially expand thescaffolding may also be used to monitor pressure. In FIG. 21, a deliverycatheter 610 comprises an expandable balloon 618 disposed on a distalend of the catheter shaft and a scaffolding 614 is disposed thereover.Once the filling structure 616 is advanced into the aneurysm it may befilled. Balloon 618 is partially expanded into engagement with thefilling structure 616. As the filling structure enlarges, it begins tocompress the balloon 614. Catheter 610 transmits the pressure fromballoon 616 to a pressure gage 612 so that the operator may monitorfilling pressure. Thus, the operator may stop filling the fillingstructure when a predetermined pressure value is obtained. Thescaffolding 614 may then be fully expanded either before, during orafter filling the filling structure. The balloon 618 is then deflatedand the delivery catheter 610 is removed from the aneurysm.

Other embodiments may control filling of the filling structures by usingeither a balloon on the delivery catheter or the filling structuresthemselves. For example, in FIGS. 27A-27B, two filling structures 852,854 are positioned in the aneurysm AAA and partially filled with afilling device 862 to a predetermined volume or pressure. Balloons 856,858 on a delivery catheter are inflated using an inflation device 860.As the balloons expand, the partially filled filling structures 852, 854are pressed against the aneurysm walls, filling the aneurismal space andexcess fluid is then forced out of the filling structures 852, 854 via arelief valve 868 seen in FIG. 27B. Scaffolds 864, 866 help maintain thelumen after the balloons 856, 858 are deflated.

FIGS. 28A-28B illustrate another embodiment where the filling structuresthemselves are used to help control their filling status. In FIG. 28A,two filling structures 852, 854 are positioned in the aneurysm AAA. Afirst filling structure 852 is at least partially filled. In FIG. 28B,the second filling structure 854 is filled so that it compresses fillingstructure 852. As filling structure 852 is compressed, excess fluid isvented from filling structure 852 via a pressure relief valve 868. Thisprocess is continued until the filling structures are essentiallysymmetrical with one another as may be observed under fluoroscopy.

While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodimentsof the invention, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalentsmay be used. The various features of the embodiments disclosed hereinmay be combined or substituted with one another. Therefore, the abovedescription should not be taken as limiting in scope of the inventionwhich is defined by the appended claims.

1. A system for treating an aneurysm in a blood vessel, the systemcomprising: an elongate flexible shaft having a proximal region and adistal region; a first double-walled filling structure disposed over thedistal region of the shaft, the filling structure having an outer walland an inner wall, wherein the filling structure is adapted to be filledwith a hardenable fluid filing medium so that the outer wall conforms toan inside surface of the aneurysm and the inner wall forms a firstsubstantially tubular lumen to provide a path for blood flow; and atleast a first expandable scaffold disposed adjacent the fillingstructure, the first scaffold radially expandable within at least aportion of the tubular lumen of the filling structure, wherein thefilling structure is separate from the first scaffold and axiallyseparated therefrom.
 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein thefirst scaffold is proximal to the filling structure.
 3. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the first scaffold is distal to thefilling structure.
 4. The system according to claim 1, wherein a spacingexists between one end of the first scaffold and one end of the fillingstructure.
 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the firstscaffold is slidably received by the filling structure such that thefirst scaffold and the filling structure are concentric with oneanother.
 6. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a sheathdisposed at least partially over the filling structure.
 7. The systemaccording to claim 1, further comprising a sheath disposed at leastpartially over the scaffold.
 8. The system according to claim 1, furthercomprising a tapered sheath disposed at least partially over theflexible shaft.
 9. The system according to claim 8, wherein the taperedsheath comprises axially oriented slits near a distal end thereof. 10.The system according to claim 1, further comprising a pusher tubedisposed at least partially over the flexible shaft and slidablyengageable with the first double-walled filling structure.
 11. Thesystem according to claim 1, further comprising a first tether coupledwith the filling structure, the tether adapted to guide movement of thefirst double-walled filling structure relative to the first scaffoldaxially along the shaft.
 12. The system according to claim 11, whereinthe first tether extends between the proximal and distal regions of theflexible shaft.
 13. The system according to claim 11, wherein thefilling structure is slidably engaged with the first tether.
 14. Thesystem according to claim 11, further comprising a second tether coupledwith the filling structure.
 15. The system according to claim 14,wherein the second tether extends between the proximal and distalregions of the flexible shaft.
 16. The system according to claim 11,wherein the filling structure comprises one or more eyelets.
 17. Thesystem according to claim 11, further comprising a nosecone coupled withthe distal region of the flexible shaft, wherein the tether is coupledwith the nosecone.
 18. The system according to claim 11, wherein aportion of the tether extends outside of a patient's body.
 19. Thesystem according to claim 11, wherein the tether is releasably coupledwith the filling structure.
 20. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe filling structure comprises a receptacle coupled with a wall of thefilling structure, the receptacle adapted to slidably receive a tube.21. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a pressuremonitor, the pressure monitor coupled with the filling structure so asto permit pressure monitoring of the filling structure as the fillingstructure is filled with the hardenable fluid filling medium.
 22. Thesystem according to claim 21, wherein the pressure monitor is fluidlycoupled with the filling structure.
 23. The system according to claim21, wherein the pressure monitor comprises a pressure gage.
 24. Thesystem according to claim 21, wherein the pressure monitor comprises adigital display or waveform monitor.
 25. The system according to claim1, further comprising an inflation device fluidly coupled with thefilling structure.
 26. The system according to claim 25, wherein theinflation device comprises a syringe.
 27. The system according to claim1, wherein the filling structure comprises a relief valve.
 28. Thesystem according to claim 27, wherein the filling structure comprises areservoir fluidly coupled with the relief valve
 29. The system accordingto claim 28, wherein the reservoir is adapted to receive the hardenablefluid filling medium from the relief valve at a predetermined pressure.30. The system according to claim 29, wherein the reservoir isradiopaque when the reservoir is at least partially filled with thehardenable fluid filling medium.
 31. The system according to claim 27,wherein the relief valve is fluidly isolated from the first fillingstructure.
 32. The system according to claim 1, wherein the fillingstructure comprises a visual indicator fluidly coupled therewith andhaving first and second positions, wherein the indicator moves from thefirst position to the second position when a predetermined pressure isapplied to the visual indicator.
 33. The system according to claim 32,wherein the indicator is visible under fluoroscopy.
 34. The systemaccording to claim 1, further comprising a collapsible member fluidlycoupled with a pressure gage, the expandable member positioned betweenthe outer wall of the filling structure and the inside surface of theaneurysm, the pressure gage adapted to indicate pressure of the fillingstructure as it is filled.
 35. The system according to claim 34, whereinthe collapsible member comprises a balloon.
 36. The system according toclaim 1, further comprising a collapsible member positioned between theouter wall of the filling structure and the inside wall of the aneurysm,the collapsible member fluidly coupled with a compression mechanismhaving a first position and a second position, the compression mechanismadapted to provide a predetermined force opposing the force exerted bythe collapsible member as the filling structure is filled, thecompression mechanism moving from the first position to the secondposition when the force exerted by the collapsible member exceeds thepredetermined force.
 37. The system according to claim 36, wherein thecompression mechanism comprises a spring.
 38. The system according toclaim 36, wherein the collapsible member comprises a balloon.
 39. Thesystem according to claim 1, further comprising a locking mechanism,wherein the locking mechanism prevents fluid from filling the fillingstructure when the filling structure is filled to a predeterminedpressure.
 40. The system according to claim 1, wherein the fillingstructure comprises a compliant compartment adapted to deform as theouter wall of the filling structure conforms to the inside surface ofthe aneurysm.
 41. The system according to claim 40, wherein thecompartment is fluidly coupled with a pressure indicator.
 42. The systemaccording to claim 35, wherein the balloon comprises a substantiallyflat section.
 43. The system according to claim 1, wherein the firstscaffold comprises crushable regions and remainder regions, thecrushable regions adapted to collapse when the filling structure ispressurized to a predetermined value while the remainder regions remainfully expanded.
 44. The system according to claim 1, further comprisingan expandable member expandable from a contracted configuration to anexpanded configuration and coupled with the shaft near the distalregion.
 45. The system according to claim 44, wherein the expandablemember comprises a balloon.
 46. The system according to claim 45,wherein the balloon comprises a pre-shaped, curved or tapered region.47. The system according to claim 44, wherein the expandable member iscoupled to a pressure monitoring device.
 48. The system according toclaim 1, wherein the scaffold is balloon expandable.
 49. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the scaffold comprises a metal.
 50. Thesystem according to claim 1, wherein the scaffold or the fillingstructure carries a therapeutic agent adapted to being releasedtherefrom in a controlled manner.
 51. The system according to claim 1,wherein the filling structure comprises a polymer.
 52. The systemaccording to claim 1, further comprising a releasable coupling mechanismcoupled with the first filling structure and the shaft, wherein thecoupling mechanism is adapted to reduce relative axial movement alongthe shaft of the first filling structure relative to the first scaffold.53. The system according to claim 52, wherein the releasable couplingmechanism comprises a tether releasably coupled with the shaft and thefirst filling structure.
 54. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe first filling structure comprises a filling tube fluidly coupledtherewith and adapted to fill the filling structure with the fillingmedium.
 55. The system according to claim 54, wherein the filling tubecomprises an inner tube slidably disposed in the filling tube, both theinner tube and the filling tube fluidly coupled with the fillingstructure.
 56. The system according to claim 1, further comprising: asecond double-walled filling structure having an outer wall and an innerwall, wherein said second double-walled filling structure is adapted tobe placed adjacent the first filling structure in the aneurysm and to befilled with a hardenable fluid filling medium so that the outer wallconforms to the inside surface of the aneurysm and to the first fillingstructure and forms a second generally tubular lumen to provide a pathfor blood flow; and at least a second scaffold separate from the firstscaffold and the filling structures which can be expanded within atleast a portion of the second tubular lumen of the second fillingstructure, wherein the second scaffold is axially separated from thesecond filling structure.
 57. The system according to claim 56, whereinthe second scaffold is balloon expandable.
 58. The system according toclaim 56, wherein the second scaffold comprises a metal.
 59. The systemaccording to claim 56, wherein the second filling structure comprises apolymer.
 60. The system according to claim 1, further comprising aflowable polymer filling material curable in situ.
 61. A method fortreating an aneurysm, said method comprising: providing an elongateflexible shaft having a proximal end and a distal end, the flexibleshaft carrying a first double-walled filling structure and a firstscaffold adjacent the distal end; advancing the elongate shaft in apatient's vasculature such that the first double-walled fillingstructure traverses the aneurysm; axially moving the first scaffoldrelative to the first filling structure such that at least a portion ofthe first scaffold is disposed within the first double-walled fillingstructure; radially expanding the first scaffold from a contractedconfiguration to an expanded configuration; and filling the firstfilling structure with a fluid filling medium so that an outer wall ofthe first filling structure conforms to an inside surface of theaneurysm and an inner wall of the first filling structure forms a firstsubstantially tubular lumen to provide a first blood flow path acrossthe aneurysm, and wherein the at least a portion of the firstdouble-walled filling structure is disposed in the first substantiallytubular lumen.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein axially moving thefirst scaffold comprises moving the first scaffold distally into thefirst lumen.
 63. The method of claim 61, wherein axially moving thefirst scaffold comprises proximally retracting the first fillingstructure over the first scaffold.
 64. The method of claim 61, whereinaxially moving the first scaffold comprises proximally retracting thefirst scaffold into the first lumen.
 65. The method of claim 61, whereinaxially moving the first scaffold comprises moving the first fillingstructure distally over the first scaffold.
 66. The method of claim 61,wherein axially moving the first scaffold comprises guiding the firstfilling structure over a tether line.
 67. The method of claim 61,wherein axially moving the first scaffold comprises pulling the firstfilling structure with a tether line.
 68. The method of claim 61,further comprising retracting a sheath from the first filling structureso that the first filling structure is unconstrained from expansion. 69.The method of claim 68, wherein retracting the sheath comprisessplitting the sheath.
 70. The method of claim 61, further comprisingretracting a sheath from the first scaffolding so that the firstscaffolding is unconstrained from expansion.
 71. The method of claim 61,further comprising hardening the fluid filling medium in the firstfilling structure.
 72. The method of claim 61, further comprisingengaging a pusher tube with the first filling structure therebypreventing movement thereof.
 73. The method of claim 61, furthercomprising monitoring a pressure.
 74. The method of claim 73, whereinthe pressure is exerted by the filling medium within the first fillingstructure.
 75. The method of claim 61, wherein the step of filling thefilling structure comprises controlling pressure or volume of the fluidfilling medium.
 76. The method of claim 73, wherein the monitoredpressure is within a space between an external wall of the first fillingstructure and a wall of the aneurysm.
 77. The method of claim 76,wherein monitoring the pressure comprises placing a catheter in thespace.
 78. The method of claim 77, wherein the catheter comprises afluid filled balloon.
 79. The method of claim 76, wherein monitoring thepressure comprises placing a pressure transducer in the space.
 80. Themethod of claim 73, wherein filling the filling structure comprisesactuating an injection device and wherein the pressure is monitored at aposition adjacent the injection device.
 81. The method of claim 73,further comprising relieving pressure in the filling structure with arelief valve when the pressure exceeds a predetermined value.
 82. Themethod of claim 81, further comprising filling a reservoir fluidlycoupled with the relief valve.
 83. The method of claim 82, furthercomprising observing the reservoir.
 84. The method of claim 81, furthercomprising isolating the relief valve from the first filling structureso that the relief valve is fluidly isolated therefrom.
 85. The methodof claim 73, further comprising observing a visual indicator coupledwith the first filling structure, the indicator having first and secondpositions, wherein the indicator moves from the first position to thesecond position when a predetermined pressure is applied to the visualindicator.
 86. The method of claim 73, further comprising positioning acollapsible member between the outer wall of the filling structure andthe inside wall of the aneurysm and further comprising observing acompression mechanism having a first position and a second position, thecompression mechanism adapted to provide a predetermined force opposingthe force exerted by the collapsible member as the filling structure isfilled, the compression mechanism moving from the first position to thesecond position when the force exerted by the collapsible member exceedsthe predetermined force.
 87. The method of claim 86, wherein thecompression mechanism comprises a spring.
 88. The method of claim 86,wherein the collapsible member comprises a balloon.
 89. The method ofclaim 73, further comprising stopping the filling of the fillingstructure when the monitored pressure reaches a predetermined pressure.90. The method of claim 89, wherein stopping the filling comprisesmechanically locking a filling device so that fluid may not be deliveredtherefrom.
 91. The method of claim 73, wherein monitoring comprisesobserving the first scaffold, the first scaffold comprising crushableregions and remainder regions, the crushable regions adapted to collapsewhen the filling structure is pressurized to a predetermined value whilethe remainder regions remain fully expanded.
 92. The method of claim 61,wherein the step of radially expanding the first scaffold comprisesinflating a balloon disposed near the distal end of the elongate shaft.93. The method of claim 92, wherein the balloon comprises a pre-shaped,curved or tapered region.
 94. The method of claim 61, further comprisingreleasing a releasable coupling mechanism that couples the fillingstructure with the shaft to allow axial movement of the fillingstructure relative to the first scaffold and to allow release of thefilling structure from the shaft.
 95. The method of claim 94, whereinreleasing the coupling mechanism comprises releasing a knot in a tetherjoining the filling structure with the shaft.
 96. The method of claim61, wherein a filling tube is fluidly coupled with the fillingstructure, and the step of filling the filling structure comprisespassing the fluid filling medium through the filling tube to the fillingstructure.
 97. The method of claim 96, wherein the filling tubecomprises an inner tube slidably disposed therein and in fluidcommunication with the filling structure, the method further comprisingremoving the inner tube and passing additional fluid filling mediumthrough the filling tube after the inner tube has been removed.
 98. Themethod of claim 61, further comprising: providing a second elongateflexible shaft having a proximal and distal end, the second shaftcarrying a second double-walled filling structure and a second scaffoldadjacent the distal end; advancing the second elongate shaft in thepatient's vasculature such that the second double-walled fillingstructure traverses the aneurysm; axially moving the second scaffoldrelative to the second filling structure such that at least a portion ofthe second scaffold is disposed within the second double-walled fillingstructure; filling the second filling structure with a fluid fillingmedium so that an outer wall of the second filling structure forms asecond substantially tubular lumen to provide a second blood flow pathacross the aneurysm, and wherein at least a portion of the secondscaffold is disposed in the second substantially tubular lumen; andradially expanding the second scaffold from a contracted configurationto an expanded configuration.
 99. The method of claim 98, whereinaxially moving the second scaffold comprises moving the second scaffolddistally into the second lumen.
 100. The method of claim 98, whereinaxially moving the second scaffold comprises proximally retracting thesecond filling structure over the second scaffold.
 101. The method ofclaim 98, wherein axially moving the second scaffold comprisesproximally retracting the second scaffold into the second lumen. 102.The method of claim 98, wherein axially moving the second scaffoldcomprises moving the second filling structure distally over the secondscaffold.
 103. The method of claim 98, further comprising retracting asheath from the second filling structure so that the second fillingstructure is unconstrained from expansion.
 104. The method of claim 103,wherein retracting the sheath comprises splitting the sheath.
 105. Themethod of claim 98, further comprising retracting a sheath from thesecond scaffolding so that the second scaffolding is unconstrained fromexpansion.
 106. The method of claim 98, further comprising hardening thefluid filling medium in the second filling structure.
 107. The method ofclaim 98, further comprising monitoring a second pressure, the secondpressure being exerted by the filling medium within the second fillingstructure.
 108. The method of claim 98, wherein the step of filling thesecond filling structure comprises controlling pressure or volume of thefluid filling medium.
 109. The method of claim 98, further comprisinginflating a balloon on either the first or second elongate shaft so asto compress the first and second filling structures against one anotherand against the aneurysm wall.
 110. The method of claim 109, whereinfilling medium is discharged from either the first or second fillingstructure.
 111. The method of claim 98, further comprising fillingeither the first or the second filling structure until it engages theother filling structure resulting in filling medium being dischargedfrom either the first or second filling structure.
 112. The method ofclaim 98, wherein the step of radially expanding the second scaffoldcomprises inflating a balloon disposed near the distal end of the secondshaft.
 113. The method of claim 112, wherein the balloon on the secondshaft comprises a pre-shaped, curved or tapered region.
 114. A systemfor treating an aneurysm in a blood vessel, said system comprising: anelongate flexible shaft having a proximal region and a distal region; anexpandable member disposed adjacent the distal region; a firstexpandable scaffold disposed over the expandable member, the firstscaffold radially expandable from a collapsed configuration to anexpanded configuration; a first double-walled filling structure disposedover the first scaffold, the filling structure having an outer wall andan inner wall, wherein the filling structure is adapted to be filledwith a hardenable fluid filing medium so that the outer wall conforms toan inside surface of the aneurysm and the inner wall forms a firstsubstantially tubular lumen to provide a path for blood flow, whereinthe first scaffold in the expanded configuration engages the inner wallof the filling structure; and a first releasable coupling mechanismreleasably coupling the filling structure with the flexible shaft,wherein the coupling mechanism constrains axial movement of the fillingstructure relative to the flexible shaft.
 115. The system of claim 114,wherein the releasable coupling mechanism comprises a first tether. 116.The system of claim 115, wherein the tether comprises a suture.
 117. Thesystem of claim 115, further comprising a lockwire disposed alongsidethe flexible shaft, wherein a distal end of the lockwire is releasablycoupled with the flexible shaft.
 118. The system of claim 117, whereinthe flexible shaft comprises a tapered nosecone having an aperturetherein, the nosecone coupled with the distal region of the flexibleshaft, and wherein the distal end of the lockwire is releasably coupledwith and slidably received in the nosecone aperture.
 119. The system ofclaim 117, wherein the first tether is releasably coupled to thelockwire.
 120. The system of claim 119, wherein the filling structurecomprises a first tether loop fixedly attached thereto, and wherein thefirst tether passes through the tether loop.
 121. The system of claim120, wherein the first tether loop is disposed on a distal end of thefilling structure.
 122. The system of claim 119, wherein the firsttether is releasably coupled to the lockwire with a knot.
 123. Thesystem of claim 122, wherein the knot comprises a constrictor knot. 124.The system of claim 115, wherein one end of the first tether is fixedlyattached with the flexible shaft.
 125. The system of claim 117, furthercomprising a second releasable coupling mechanism releasably coupledwith the filling structure and the flexible shaft, the second couplingmechanism disposed on an opposite end of the filling structure as thefirst coupling mechanism, and wherein the second coupling mechanismconstrains axial movement of the filling structure relative to theflexible shaft.
 126. The system of claim 125, wherein the secondcoupling mechanism comprises a second tether.
 127. The system of claim126, wherein the second tether comprises a suture.
 128. The system ofclaim 126, wherein the second tether is releasably coupled to thelockwire.
 129. The system of claim 128, wherein the second tether islooped around the lockwire.
 130. The system of claim 126, wherein thefilling structure comprises a second tether loop fixedly attachedthereto and disposed on an opposite end as the first tether loop, andwherein the second tether passes through the second tether loop. 131.The system of claim 126, wherein the second tether is coupled to theflexible shaft.
 132. The system of claim 131, wherein the second tetheris releasably coupled to the flexible shaft with a knot.
 133. The systemof claim 132, wherein the knot comprises a constrictor knot.
 134. Thesystem of claim 125, wherein the first filling structure comprises afill tube fluidly coupled therewith, and wherein the second couplingmechanism is coupled with the fill tube so as to prevent release of thefill tube from the filling structure.
 135. The system of claim 114,further comprising a second releasable coupling mechanism releasablycoupled with the filling structure and the flexible shaft, wherein thesecond mechanism is disposed on the same end of the filling structure asthe first releasable coupling mechanism, and wherein the secondmechanism constrains axial movement of the filling structure relative tothe flexible shaft.
 136. The system of claim 135, wherein the secondmechanism comprises a second tether.
 137. The system of claim 136,wherein the second tether comprises a suture.
 138. The system of claim136, further comprising a second lockwire disposed alongside theflexible shaft, wherein a distal end of the second lockwire isreleasably coupled with the flexible shaft.
 139. The system of claim138, wherein the flexible shaft comprises a tapered nosecone having asecond aperture therein, the nosecone coupled with the distal region ofthe flexible shaft, and wherein the distal end of the second lockwire isreleasably coupled with and slidably received in the second noseconeaperture.
 140. The system of claim 138, wherein the second tether isreleasably coupled to the lockwire.
 141. The system of claim 136,wherein the filling structure comprises a second tether loop fixedlyattached thereto, and wherein the second tether passes through thesecond tether loop.
 142. The system of claim 141, wherein the secondtether loop is disposed on the same end of the filling structure as thefirst tether loop.
 143. The system of claim 138, wherein the secondtether is releasably coupled to the lockwire with a knot.
 144. Thesystem of claim 143, wherein the knot comprises a constrictor knot. 145.The system of claim 136, wherein one end of the second tether is fixedlyattached with the flexible shaft.
 146. The system of claim 114, furthercomprising a filling tube fluidly coupled with the filling structure,the filling tube adapted to deliver the hardenable filling medium to thefilling structure.
 147. The system of claim 146, wherein the fillingtube comprises a plurality of apertures near a distal end thereof, theapertures adapted to allow the hardenable filling medium to flowtherethrough into the filling structure.
 148. The system of claim 146,wherein the filling tube comprises an inner filling tube and an outerfilling tube slidably disposed thereover, both inner and outer tubesfluidly coupled with the filling structure.
 149. The system of claim146, further comprising a stylet disposed in the filling tube.
 150. Thesystem of claim 146, further comprising a filling tab fluidly coupledwith the filling structure and fluidly coupled with the filling tube.151. The system of claim 150, wherein the filling tab comprises a scoredregion adapted to permit separation of the filling tab into twoportions, the first portion remaining coupled with the filling structureafter filling thereof with the hardenable filling medium and the secondportion discrete and independent of the first portion.
 152. The systemof claim 114, further comprising an outer sheath having a lumen, whereinthe filling structure, the scaffold and the expandable member aredisposed with the sheath lumen during delivery of the system to atreatment site.
 153. The system of claim 114, wherein the expandablemember comprises an inflatable balloon.
 154. The system of claim 153,wherein the balloon comprises a pre-shaped, curved or tapered region.155. The system of claim 114, further comprising a pressure monitor, thepressure monitor coupled with the first filling structure so as topermit pressure monitoring of the filling structure as the fillingstructure is filled with the hardenable fluid filling medium.
 156. Thesystem of claim 114, further comprising: a second elongate flexibleshaft having a proximal region and a distal region; a second expandablemember disposed adjacent the distal region; a second expandable scaffolddisposed over the second expandable member, the second scaffold radiallyexpandable from a collapsed configuration to an expanded configuration;a second double-walled filling structure disposed over the secondscaffold, the second filling structure having an outer wall and an innerwall, wherein the second filling structure is adapted to be filled witha hardenable fluid filing medium so that the outer wall conforms to aninside surface of the aneurysm and to the first double-walled fillingstructure, and the inner wall forms a first substantially tubular lumento provide a path for blood flow, wherein the second scaffold in theexpanded configuration engages the inner wall of the filling structure;and a tether releasably coupled with the second filling structure andthe second flexible shaft, wherein the tether constrains axial movementof the second filling structure relative to the second flexible shaft.157. A method for treating an aneurysm in a patient, said methodcomprising: providing an elongate flexible shaft having a proximal end,a distal end, and an expandable member near the distal end, the flexibleshaft carrying a first radially expandable scaffold over the expandablemember and a first double walled filling structure disposed over thefirst scaffold; advancing the shaft in the vasculature of the patient sothat the first filling structure is delivered to the aneurysm; fillingthe first filling structure with a first fluid filling medium so that anouter wall of the first filling structure conforms to an inside surfaceof the aneurysm and an inner wall of the first filling structure forms afirst substantially tubular lumen to provide a first blood flow pathacross the aneurysm; radially expanding the first scaffold from acontracted configuration to an expanded configuration, wherein in theexpanded configuration the first scaffold engages the inner wall of thefirst filling structure; hardening the fluid filling medium in the firstfilling structure; releasing the first filling structure from theflexible shaft; and retracting the flexible shaft away from the firstfilling structure.
 158. The method of claim 157, further comprising:pre-filling the first filling structure with a pre-filling fluid untilthe outer wall of the first filling structure conforms to the insidesurface of the aneurysm, thereby unfurling the first filling structure;and removing the pre-filling fluid from the first filling structure.159. The method of claim 158, wherein the pre-filling fluid comprisessaline.
 160. The method of claim 158, further comprising: pre-fillingthe first filling structure with pre-filling fluid until the outer wallof the first filling structure conforms to the inside surface of theaneurysm; measuring the pressure and volume of the pre-filling fluidused to pre-fill the first filling structure; and removing thepre-filling fluid from the first filling structure, wherein the step offilling the first filling structure with the first fluid filling mediumcomprises filling the first filling structure with the first fillingmedium using substantially the same pressure and volume as measured.161. The method of claim 160, wherein the pre-filling fluid comprisessaline.
 162. The method of claim 160, wherein the pre-filling fluidcomprises contrast media.
 163. The method of claim 158, wherein the stepof filling the first filling structure comprises passing the first fluidmedium through a filling tube fluidly coupled with the first fillingstructure.
 164. The method of claim 157, wherein the first fillingstructure comprises a filling tube fluidly coupled therewith, and thestep of filling the first filling structure comprises passing thefilling medium through the filling tube.
 165. The method of claim 164,wherein the filling tube comprises an inner tube slidably disposedtherein and fluidly coupled with the first filling structure, the methodfurther comprising removing the inner tube from the filling tube andsupplying additional filling medium to the filling structure by passingthe additional filling medium through the filling tube after the innertube has been removed therefrom.
 166. The method of claim 157, whereinthe step of radially expanding the scaffold comprises inflating aballoon disposed on the flexible shaft.
 167. The method of claim 166,wherein the balloon comprises a pre-shaped, curved or tapered region.168. The method of claim 157, wherein the step of hardening the firstfluid filling medium in the first filling structure comprisespolymerizing the first fluid filling medium in situ.
 169. The method ofclaim 168, wherein the first fluid filling medium comprises polyethyleneglycol.
 170. The method of claim 157, wherein a releasable couplingmechanism couples the first filling structure with the flexible shaftand the step of releasing the first filling structure from the flexibleshaft comprises releasing the coupling mechanism from the first fillingstructure.
 171. The method of claim 170, wherein the coupling mechanismcomprises a tether and the step of releasing the coupling mechanismcomprises detaching the tether from the first filling structure. 172.The method of claim 171, wherein one end of the tether is releasablycoupled with a lockwire and the step of de-coupling the tether comprisesretracting the lockwire thereby detaching the tether from the lockwire.173. The method of claim 171, wherein detaching the tether comprisesreleasing the tether from a tether loop on the first filling structure.174. The method of claim 171, wherein a second releasable couplingmechanism couples the first filling structure with the flexible shaftand the step of releasing the first filling structure from the flexibleshaft comprises de-coupling the second coupling mechanism from the firstfilling structure.
 175. The method of claim 171, wherein the firstfilling structure comprises a fill tube fluidly coupled therewith, andwherein a second releasable coupling mechanism is coupled with the filltube such that the step of releasing the first filling structure fromthe flexible shaft comprises de-coupling the second coupling mechanismfrom the fill tube to allow separation of the fill tube from the fillingstructure.
 176. The method of claim 157, further comprising the step ofretracting a sheath away from the first filling structure and the firstscaffold to allow expansion thereof.
 177. The method of claim 157,further comprising the step of monitoring a pressure during filling ofthe first filling structure.
 178. The method of claim 177, wherein thepressure comprises a pressure of the filling medium in the first fillingstructure.
 179. The method of claim 177, wherein the pressure comprisesa pressure in a space between the outer wall of the first fillingstructure and a wall of the aneurysm.
 180. The method of claim 157,further comprising releasing a filling tube from the first fillingstructure.
 181. The method of claim 180, wherein the step of releasingthe filling tube comprises severing a filling tab coupled with the firstfilling structure.
 182. The method of claim 157, further comprising:providing a second elongate flexible shaft having a proximal end, adistal end, and a second expandable member near the distal end, thesecond flexible shaft carrying a second radially expandable scaffoldover the second expandable member and a second double walled fillingstructure disposed over the second scaffold; advancing the second shaftin the vasculature of the patient so that the second filling structureis delivered to the aneurysm; filling the second filling structure witha second fluid filling medium so that an outer wall of the secondfilling structure conforms to an inside surface of the aneurysm and tothe first double-walled filling structure, and an inner wall of thesecond filling structure forms a second substantially tubular lumen toprovide a second blood flow path across the aneurysm; radially expandingthe second scaffold from a contracted configuration to an expandedconfiguration, wherein in the expanded configuration the second scaffoldengages the inner wall of the second filling structure; hardening thesecond fluid filling medium in the second filling structure; releasingthe second filling structure from the second flexible shaft; andretracting the second shaft away from the second filling structure.